The Principles of Islamic Law and the Deradicalization of Convicted Terrorists
Article Sidebar
Published:
Jan 19, 2022
Keywords:
Terrorism, Islamic Law, Maqashid Al-Shari'a, Deradicalization, Indonesia
Main Article Content
Abstract
In dealing with terrorism cases in Indonesia, the government must develop a strategy to eradicate terrorism, be it the ideology of the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS) or other terrorism ideologies through awareness of the importance of human rights and deepening of the values of the Indonesian nation. This study uses a legal norms approach, namely identifying the applicable laws and regulations. The values of maqashid al-shari’a can be used as a rehabilitation concept through the changing the thinking of convicted terrorists. The maqashid al-shari’a approach will provide an understanding of Islamic Law that is more practical, realistic, flexible, and humanist. The values that can be applied in the rehabilitation process method adhere to the current maqashid values formulated by Jasser Auda, which are the development of the classical maqashid al-shari’a values developed by al-Syatibi.
Article Details
Issue
Section
Articles (refereed)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Authors who submit articles to this journal from 31st March 2014 for publication, agree to the following terms:
a) Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share and adapt the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
b) Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
c) Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Open Access Citation Advantage Service). Where authors include such a work in an institutional repository or on their website (ie. a copy of a work which has been published in a UTS ePRESS journal, or a pre-print or post-print version of that work), we request that they include a statement that acknowledges the UTS ePRESS publication including the name of the journal, the volume number and a web-link to the journal item.
d) Authors should be aware that the Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY) License permits readers to share (copy and redistribute the work in any medium or format) and adapt (remix, transform, and build upon the work) for any purpose, even commercially, provided they also give appropriate credit to the work, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. They may do these things in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests you or your publisher endorses their use.
For Volume 5 No 3 (2013) and before, the following copyright applied:
Authors submitting articles to UTSePress publications agree to assign a limited license to UTSePress if and when the manuscript is accepted for publication. This license allows UTSePress to publish a manuscript in a given issue. Articles published by UTSePress are protected by copyright which is retained by the authors who assert their moral rights. Authors control translation and reproduction rights to their works published by UTSePress. UTSePress publications are copyright and all rights are reserved worldwide. Downloads of specific portions of them are permitted for personal use only, not for commercial use or resale. Permissions to reprint or use any materials should be directed to UTSePress.
References
Afhami, Sahal. 2021. “Role of Legal Consultants Education on Corporate Social Responsibility and Social Impact.” Journal of Social Studies Education Research 12(2):,152-179.
Agustina, Enny. 2019. “Criminal Law Policy in Health Care.” International Journal of Research in Law, Economic and Social Sciences 1(2):74–80. doi: 10.32501/injuriless.v1i2.67.
Al-Fatih, Sholahuddin, and Zaka Firma Aditya. 2019. “The Legal Protection Against Terrorismsuspects in Indonesia(Case Study of the Arrest Process Ofterrorism Suspects by Densus 88).” Legality : Jurnal Ilmiah Hukum 27(1):14. doi: 10.22219/jihl.v27i1.8954.
Alterman, Jon B. 2015. Religious Radicalism after the Arab Uprisings. London: Rowman & Littlefield.
Amalia, Titut, Yos Johan Utama, and Ani Purwanti. 2018. “Correlation Between Constitutional Changes and Development Paradigm on Regional Development Planning.” P. 01004 in SHS Web of Conferences. Vol. 54, edited by A. Raharjo and T. Sudrajat.
Anindya, Chaula Rininta. 2019. “The Deradicalisation Programme for Indonesian Deportees: A Vacuum in Coordination.” The Journal for Deradicalization 18:27.
Arciszewski, Thomas, ed. 2010. Social Psychological Perspectives on Terrorism: Processes, Causes and Consequences = Perspectives Psycho-Sociales Sur Le Terrorisme. Grenoble: Presses Univ. de Grenoble.
Asdira, Yusril Arinaldy. 2020. “Analysis of Development of Deradicalization of Terrorist Prisoners in the Correctional Institutions in Indonesia.” Bisma The Journal of Counseling 4(1):48. doi: 10.23887/bisma.v4i1.24231.
Asman, Asman, and Tamrin Muchsin. 2021. “Maqasid Al-Shari’ah in Islamic Law Renewal: The Impact of New Normal Rules on Islamic Law Practices during the Covid-19 Pandemic.” Mazahib 20(1):77–102. doi: 10.21093/mj.v20i1.2957.
Bassiouni, M. Cherif. 1981. “Terrorism, Law Enforcement, and the Mass Media: Perspectives, Problems, Proposals.” The Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology (1973-) 72(1):1. doi: 10.2307/1142904.
Birahmat, Budi, and Syarial Dedi. 2018. “An Examination of Qur’anic Concept on Corruption.” AJIS: Academic Journal of Islamic Studies 3(1):81. doi: 10.29240/ajis.v3i1.487.
Bjørgo, Tore. 2005. Root Causes of Terrorism: Myths, Reality and Ways Forward. Oxon: Taylor & Francis.
Bustami, Bustami, Rini Fitriani, and Liza Agnesta Krisna. 2018. “Implementation of Social Security Protection for Workers at the Village Level (Research Study at Langsa City-Aceh).” International Journal of Applied Business and International Management 3(2):117–24. doi: 10.32535/ijabim.v3i2.164.
Chollisni, Atiqi, and Kiki Damayanti. 2018. “Analisis Maqashid Al-Syari’ah Dalam Keputusan Konsumen Memilih Hunian Islami Pada Perumahan Vila Ilhami Tangerang.” Islaminomics: Journal of Islamic Economics, Business and Finance 7(1):47–65. doi: 10.47903/ji.v7i1.47.
Corbin, Caroline Mala. 2017. “Terrorists Are Always Muslim but Never White: At the Intersection of Critical Race Theory and Propaganda.” Fordham Law Review 86(2):455–85.
Coulthard, Malcolm, and Alison Johnson. 2007. An Introduction to Forensic Linguistics: Language in Evidence. 1. publ. London: Routledge.
Damayanti, Dian. 2021. “Implementation of the Cyber Terrorism Prevention, and Rehabilitation Policy in Polda Metro Jaya Police in Central Jakarta.” Journal of Information Assurance & Cybersecurity 2021:1–10. doi: 10.5171/2021.695424.
Davis, Lois M., ed. 2010. Long-Term Effects of Law Enforcement’s Post-9/11 Focus on Counterterrorism and Homeland Security. Santa Monica, CA: RAND Corporation.
Dijk, C. van, and N. J. G. Kaptein, eds. 2016. Islam, Politics and Change: The Indonesian Experience after the Fall of Suharto. Leiden: Leiden University Press.
Edi Wibowo, Dwi, and Benny Diah Madusari. 2018. “Legal Protection for Consumers on Unlabelled Processed Food from Seaweed in Brebes Regency.” P. 06010 in SHS Web of Conferences. Vol. 54, edited by A. Raharjo and T. Sudrajat.
Efrinaldi, Efrinaldi, Toha Andiko, and Taufiqurrahman Taufiqurrahman. 2020. “The Paradigm of Science Integration in Islamic University: The Historicity and Development Pattern of Islamic Studies in Indonesia.” Madania: Jurnal Kajian Keislaman 24(1):97. doi: 10.29300/madania.v24i1.3326.
Ǧābirī, Muḥammad ʿĀbid al-. 2009. Democracy, Human Rights and Law in Islamic Thought. London: I.B. Tauris.
Gray, Tallyn. 2018. Islam and International Criminal Law and Justice. Brussels: Torkel Opsahl Academic EPublisher.
Hamzani, Achmad Irwan, Kus Rizkianto, Tiyas Vika Widyastuti, Havis Aravik, and Nur Rohim Yunus. 2020. “Law Enforcement of Terrorism Criminal Performers in Indonesia.” Journal of Xi’an University of Architecture & Technology 12(3):5448–57.
Haripin, Muhamad, Chaula Rininta Anindya, and Adhi Priamarizki. 2020. “The Politics of Counter-Terrorism in Post-Authoritarian States: Indonesia’s Experience, 1998–2018.” Defense & Security Analysis 36(3):275–99. doi: 10.1080/14751798.2020.1790807.
Heitmeyer, Wilhelm, Heinz-Gerhard Haupt, Stefan Malthaner, and Andrea Kirschner, eds. 2011. Control of Violence. New York, NY: Springer New York.
Horgan, John, and Kurt Braddock. 2010. “Rehabilitating the Terrorists?: Challenges in Assessing the Effectiveness of De-Radicalization Programs.” Terrorism and Political Violence 22(2):267–91. doi: 10.1080/09546551003594748.
Jones, David Martin, Michael L. R. Smith, and Mark Weeding. 2003. “Looking for the Pattern: Al Qaeda in Southeast Asia--The Genealogy of a Terror Network.” Studies in Conflict & Terrorism 26(6):443–57. doi: 10.1080/10576100390248284.
Kasdi, Abdurrohman. 2019. “Actualizations of Maqāşid Al-Shariah In Modern Life; Maqāşid Al-Shariah Theory As a Method of The Development of Islamic Laws and Shariah Economics.” Justicia Islamica 16(2):247–68. doi: 10.21154/justicia.v16i2.1666.
Khan, Ghazala Ghalib. 2013. “Application of Talfīq in Modern Islamic Commercial Contracts.” Policy Perspectives 10(2):133–59.
Khasan, Moh. 2021. “From Textuality to Universality: The Evolution of Ḥirābah Crimes in Islamic Jurisprudence.” Al-Jāmi‘ah: Journal of Islamic Studies 59(1):1–32. doi: 10.14421/ajis.2021.591.
Kibtiah, Tia Mariatul, and Richa Vidya Yustikaningrum. 2018. “ISIS Defeat In The Middle East: It’s Impact On The Increase Of ISIS Power In The Southeast Asia (Case Study: The Increasing Number Of ISIS Member In Indonesia).” Journal of Strategic and Global Studies 1(2):43–65. doi: 10.7454/jsgs.v1i2.1009.
Kiesow Cortez, Elif, ed. 2021. Data Protection Around the World: Privacy Laws in Action. Vol. 33. The Hague: T.M.C. Asser Press.
LaFree, Gary. 2009. “Criminology’s Third War.” Criminology & Public Policy 8(3):431–44. doi: 10.1111/j.1745-9133.2009.00569.x.
Leawoods, Heather. 2000. “Gustav Radbruch: An Extraordinary Legal Philosopher.” Journal of Law and Policy 2:489–515.
Maroni, Maroni, and Nenny Dwi Ariani. 2018. “Problematic Dilemma of The Limitation of Granting Remission for Corruption Prisoners.” FIAT JUSTISIA:Jurnal Ilmu Hukum 12(2):95. doi: 10.25041/fiatjustisia.v12no2.939.
Mashari, and Sukmo Widi Harwanto. 2021. “Legal Protection of Women’s Workers’ Rights During the Covid-19 Pandemic.” International Journal of Computational Intelligence in Control 13(2):53–61.
Nelson, Sonia Ambrosio de. 2004. “Southeast Asian Press Coverage of Terrorism and the Bali Bombing.” The Copenhagen Journal of Asian Studies 20:47–69. doi: 10.22439/cjas.v20i0.32.
Patel, Sofia, and Jacqueline Westermann. 2018. “Women and Islamic-State Terrorism.” Security Challenges 14(2):53–83.
Penal Reform International. 2015. “Sharia Law and the Death Penalty Would Abolition of the Death Penalty Be Unfaithful to the Message of Islam?”
Pratomo, Hilmy. 2019. “Peran teori maqasid asy-syari’ah kontemporer dalam pengembangan sistem penafsiran al-qur’an.” Jurnal Ilmiah Al-Mu’ashirah 16(1):92. doi: 10.22373/jim.v16i1.5744.
Prihantoro, Syukur. 2017. “Maqasid Al-Syari’ah Dalam Pandangan Jasser Auda (sebuah Upaya Rekontruksi Hukum Islam Melalui Pendekatan Sistem).” Jurnal At-Tafkir 10(1):130–34.
Rabasa, Angel, ed. 2010. Deradicalizing Islamist Extremists. Santa Monica, CA: RAND.
Rahardjo, Satjipto. 2006. Hukum Dalam Jagat Ketertiban. Jakarta: Penerbit UKI Press.
Ramraj, Victor V. 2003. “The Emerging Security Paradigm in the West: A Perspective from Southeast Asia.” Asia-Pacific Journal on Human Rights and the Law 4(1):1–20. doi: 10.1163/157181503772901887.
Rane, Halim. 2019. “‘Cogent Religious Instruction’: A Response to the Phenomenon of Radical Islamist Terrorism in Australia.” Religions 10(4):246. doi: 10.3390/rel10040246.
Sahrasad, Herdi, and Al Chaidar. 2012. Islamism & Fundamentalism. Aceh: University of Malikussaleh Press.
Saraswati, Rika. 2020. “Gender Bias in Indonesian Courts: Is Perma No. 3 of 2017 the Solution for Gender-Based Violence Cases?” Laws 10(1):2. doi: 10.3390/laws10010002.
Satria, Adhi Putra. 2020. “The Existence and Legal Problems of Pak Ogah in Indonesia.” FIAT JUSTISIA:Jurnal Ilmu Hukum 14(1):33. doi: 10.25041/fiatjustisia.v14no1.1770.
Schmid, Alex. 2004. “Terrorism - The Definitional Problem.” Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law 36(2):375–419.
Sihotang, Amri Panahatan, Efi Yulistyowati, and Aga Natalis. 2021. “Fulfilment of the Right to Equitable Education for Members of Believers of Mystical Groups in Indonesia.” Journal of Legal, Ethical and Regulatory Issues 24(5):1.
Silalahi, Suandi, Sugiarto, Nurhattati, Suryadi, and Eliana Sari. 2019. “Independent Evaluation Policy for Admission of New Students Examination Outcome Phase.” International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering 8(2S9):99–106. doi: 10.35940/ijrte.B1023.0982S919.
Silalahi, Wilma. 2021. “Indonesian National Army Involvement in Handling Terrorism Action from Legal Perspective.” Constitutionale 2(1):39–56. doi: 10.25041/constitutionale.v2i1.2255.
Silke, Andrew, and Tinka Veldhuis. 2017. “Countering Violent Extremism in Prisons.” Perspectives on Terrorism 11(5):2–11.
Simaremare, Sumurung P., and Muhammad Dzikirullah H. Noho. 2021. “Disharmonized the Regulation of Biological Resources and Its Ecosystem in Indonesia.” International Journal of Criminology and Sociology 10:332–40.
Sinambela, Yogi Prasetya. 2020. “Disparity Of Death Penalthy Decision Against People Criminal Acts Of Dark Circular Narcotics.” Asian Social Science and Humanities Research Journal (ASHREJ) 2(1):9–19. doi: 10.37698/ashrej.v2i1.19.
Soviana, Riqqa, and Zainal Abidin. 2020. “Analisis Sistem Dropship Marketing Perspektif Konsep Maqashid Syariah Al-Syatibi.” TAWAZUN : Journal of Sharia Economic Law 3(1):75. doi: 10.21043/tawazun.v3i1.7533.
Subagyo, Agus. 2015. Teroris(Me): Aktor & Isu Global Abad XXI. Bandung: Alfabeta.
Sumpter, Cameron, Yuslikha K. Wardhani, and Sapto Priyanto. 2021. “Testing Transitions: Extremist Prisoners Re-Entering Indonesian Society.” Studies in Conflict & Terrorism 44(6):473–94. doi: 10.1080/1057610X.2018.1560666.
Suratman, Yosua Praditya. 2018. “The Effectiveness of De-Radicalization Program in Southeast Asia: Does It Work? The Case of Indonesia, Malaysia, and Singapore.” JAS (Journal of ASEAN Studies) 5(2):135. doi: 10.21512/jas.v5i2.4302.
Surwandono, Surwandono, Tri Astuti Susanthi Retnoningsih, and Masyithoh Annisa Alkatiri. 2018. “Prevention and Eradication of Terrorism Funding Criminal Act in Indonesia.” Otoritas : Jurnal Ilmu Pemerintahan 8(2):130–42. doi: 10.26618/ojip.v8i2.1013.
Susanti, Pipi, and Rafiqa Sari. 2021. “Government Responsibility for The Fulfillment Basic Rights of Unprosperous People In Education Sector.” Substantive Justice International Journal of Law 4(1):47. doi: 10.33096/substantivejustice.v4i1.106.
Susetyo, Heru. 2018. “Counter Terrorism and Human Rights Violation in the Aftermath of Terrorism in Indonesia.” Hukum Pidana Dan Pembangunan Hukum 1(1):1–8.
Susmiyati, Haris Retno, and Rahmawati Al-Hidayah. 2020. “The Legal Protection of Agricultural Land Sustainable Food in Mining Coal Area of East Kalimantan.” Pattimura Law Journal 5(1):36. doi: 10.47268/palau.v5i1.478.
Syahriar, Alfa, and Zahrotun Nafisah. 2020. “Comparison of Maqasid Al-Shariah Asy-Syathibi and Ibn Ashur Perspective of Usul al-Fiqh Four Mazhab.” Ulul Albab: Jurnal Studi Dan Penelitian Hukum Islam 3(2):185. doi: 10.30659/jua.v3i2.7630.
Takdir, Mohammad. 2020. “Indoctrination and Brainwashing Process in the Case of Terrorism: A Psychological Analysis of Suicide Bombing in Surabaya, East Java.” AKADEMIKA: Jurnal Pemikiran Islam 25(1):1–24. doi: 10.32332/akademika.v25i1.1990.
Tanjung, Muhammad Anwar, Retno Saraswati, and Lita Tyesta Alw. 2018. “The Development of Regional-Head Election Concept without Suspect.” P. 01002 in SHS Web of Conferences. Vol. 54, edited by A. Raharjo and T. Sudrajat.
Tibaka, Leli, and Rosdian Rosdian. 2018. “The Protection of Human Rights in Indonesian Constitutional Law after the Amendment of the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia.” FIAT JUSTISIA:Jurnal Ilmu Hukum 11(3):266–88. doi: 10.25041/fiatjustisia.v11no3.1141.
Toriquddin, Moh. 2014. “Teori maqâshid syarî’ah perspektif al-syatibi.” Journal de Jure 6(1):33–47. doi: 10.18860/j-fsh.v6i1.3190.
Utama, Ahmad Aditya Putra, and Heru Suyanto. 2021. “Implementation of Double Track System in Conviction Towards Special Expertise Crime.” Ius Poenale 2(1):1–20. doi: 10.25041/ip.v2i1.2152.
Utami, Tanti Kirana. 2020. “The Existence of State Policy Guidelines in the Perspective of Ordering the Order of Laws and Regulations.” International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH 8(12):48–53. doi: 10.29121/granthaalayah.v8.i12.2020.2597.
Waskito, Sarwo. 2021. “Regulatory Rights of Electronic Equipment in Criminal Procedure.” Technium Social Sciences Journal 20:334–38.
Wicaksana, I. Gede Wahyu. 2019. “The Consequence of Ethical Criticism of Intelligence on Countering Terrorism in Indonesia.” Asian Politics & Policy 11(1):62–79. doi: 10.1111/aspp.12433.
Widya, Bella. 2020. “Deradicalization in Indonesia: Implementation and Challenge.” Journal of Terrorism Studies 2(1). doi: 10.7454/jts.v2i1.1016.
Zaprulkhan, Zaprulkhan. 2018. “Maqāṣid Al-Shariah in the Contemporary Islamic Legal Discourse: Perspective of Jasser Auda.” Walisongo: Jurnal Penelitian Sosial Keagamaan 26(2):445. doi: 10.21580/ws.26.2.3231.
Zhou, Zunyou. 2019. “Chinese Strategy for De-Radicalization.” Terrorism and Political Violence 31(6):1187–1209. doi: 10.1080/09546553.2017.1330199.
Zimmermann, Doron, and William Rosenau, eds. 2009. The Radicalizaiton of Diasporas and Terrorism. Zürich: ETH Zürich, Center for Security Studies.
Agustina, Enny. 2019. “Criminal Law Policy in Health Care.” International Journal of Research in Law, Economic and Social Sciences 1(2):74–80. doi: 10.32501/injuriless.v1i2.67.
Al-Fatih, Sholahuddin, and Zaka Firma Aditya. 2019. “The Legal Protection Against Terrorismsuspects in Indonesia(Case Study of the Arrest Process Ofterrorism Suspects by Densus 88).” Legality : Jurnal Ilmiah Hukum 27(1):14. doi: 10.22219/jihl.v27i1.8954.
Alterman, Jon B. 2015. Religious Radicalism after the Arab Uprisings. London: Rowman & Littlefield.
Amalia, Titut, Yos Johan Utama, and Ani Purwanti. 2018. “Correlation Between Constitutional Changes and Development Paradigm on Regional Development Planning.” P. 01004 in SHS Web of Conferences. Vol. 54, edited by A. Raharjo and T. Sudrajat.
Anindya, Chaula Rininta. 2019. “The Deradicalisation Programme for Indonesian Deportees: A Vacuum in Coordination.” The Journal for Deradicalization 18:27.
Arciszewski, Thomas, ed. 2010. Social Psychological Perspectives on Terrorism: Processes, Causes and Consequences = Perspectives Psycho-Sociales Sur Le Terrorisme. Grenoble: Presses Univ. de Grenoble.
Asdira, Yusril Arinaldy. 2020. “Analysis of Development of Deradicalization of Terrorist Prisoners in the Correctional Institutions in Indonesia.” Bisma The Journal of Counseling 4(1):48. doi: 10.23887/bisma.v4i1.24231.
Asman, Asman, and Tamrin Muchsin. 2021. “Maqasid Al-Shari’ah in Islamic Law Renewal: The Impact of New Normal Rules on Islamic Law Practices during the Covid-19 Pandemic.” Mazahib 20(1):77–102. doi: 10.21093/mj.v20i1.2957.
Bassiouni, M. Cherif. 1981. “Terrorism, Law Enforcement, and the Mass Media: Perspectives, Problems, Proposals.” The Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology (1973-) 72(1):1. doi: 10.2307/1142904.
Birahmat, Budi, and Syarial Dedi. 2018. “An Examination of Qur’anic Concept on Corruption.” AJIS: Academic Journal of Islamic Studies 3(1):81. doi: 10.29240/ajis.v3i1.487.
Bjørgo, Tore. 2005. Root Causes of Terrorism: Myths, Reality and Ways Forward. Oxon: Taylor & Francis.
Bustami, Bustami, Rini Fitriani, and Liza Agnesta Krisna. 2018. “Implementation of Social Security Protection for Workers at the Village Level (Research Study at Langsa City-Aceh).” International Journal of Applied Business and International Management 3(2):117–24. doi: 10.32535/ijabim.v3i2.164.
Chollisni, Atiqi, and Kiki Damayanti. 2018. “Analisis Maqashid Al-Syari’ah Dalam Keputusan Konsumen Memilih Hunian Islami Pada Perumahan Vila Ilhami Tangerang.” Islaminomics: Journal of Islamic Economics, Business and Finance 7(1):47–65. doi: 10.47903/ji.v7i1.47.
Corbin, Caroline Mala. 2017. “Terrorists Are Always Muslim but Never White: At the Intersection of Critical Race Theory and Propaganda.” Fordham Law Review 86(2):455–85.
Coulthard, Malcolm, and Alison Johnson. 2007. An Introduction to Forensic Linguistics: Language in Evidence. 1. publ. London: Routledge.
Damayanti, Dian. 2021. “Implementation of the Cyber Terrorism Prevention, and Rehabilitation Policy in Polda Metro Jaya Police in Central Jakarta.” Journal of Information Assurance & Cybersecurity 2021:1–10. doi: 10.5171/2021.695424.
Davis, Lois M., ed. 2010. Long-Term Effects of Law Enforcement’s Post-9/11 Focus on Counterterrorism and Homeland Security. Santa Monica, CA: RAND Corporation.
Dijk, C. van, and N. J. G. Kaptein, eds. 2016. Islam, Politics and Change: The Indonesian Experience after the Fall of Suharto. Leiden: Leiden University Press.
Edi Wibowo, Dwi, and Benny Diah Madusari. 2018. “Legal Protection for Consumers on Unlabelled Processed Food from Seaweed in Brebes Regency.” P. 06010 in SHS Web of Conferences. Vol. 54, edited by A. Raharjo and T. Sudrajat.
Efrinaldi, Efrinaldi, Toha Andiko, and Taufiqurrahman Taufiqurrahman. 2020. “The Paradigm of Science Integration in Islamic University: The Historicity and Development Pattern of Islamic Studies in Indonesia.” Madania: Jurnal Kajian Keislaman 24(1):97. doi: 10.29300/madania.v24i1.3326.
Ǧābirī, Muḥammad ʿĀbid al-. 2009. Democracy, Human Rights and Law in Islamic Thought. London: I.B. Tauris.
Gray, Tallyn. 2018. Islam and International Criminal Law and Justice. Brussels: Torkel Opsahl Academic EPublisher.
Hamzani, Achmad Irwan, Kus Rizkianto, Tiyas Vika Widyastuti, Havis Aravik, and Nur Rohim Yunus. 2020. “Law Enforcement of Terrorism Criminal Performers in Indonesia.” Journal of Xi’an University of Architecture & Technology 12(3):5448–57.
Haripin, Muhamad, Chaula Rininta Anindya, and Adhi Priamarizki. 2020. “The Politics of Counter-Terrorism in Post-Authoritarian States: Indonesia’s Experience, 1998–2018.” Defense & Security Analysis 36(3):275–99. doi: 10.1080/14751798.2020.1790807.
Heitmeyer, Wilhelm, Heinz-Gerhard Haupt, Stefan Malthaner, and Andrea Kirschner, eds. 2011. Control of Violence. New York, NY: Springer New York.
Horgan, John, and Kurt Braddock. 2010. “Rehabilitating the Terrorists?: Challenges in Assessing the Effectiveness of De-Radicalization Programs.” Terrorism and Political Violence 22(2):267–91. doi: 10.1080/09546551003594748.
Jones, David Martin, Michael L. R. Smith, and Mark Weeding. 2003. “Looking for the Pattern: Al Qaeda in Southeast Asia--The Genealogy of a Terror Network.” Studies in Conflict & Terrorism 26(6):443–57. doi: 10.1080/10576100390248284.
Kasdi, Abdurrohman. 2019. “Actualizations of Maqāşid Al-Shariah In Modern Life; Maqāşid Al-Shariah Theory As a Method of The Development of Islamic Laws and Shariah Economics.” Justicia Islamica 16(2):247–68. doi: 10.21154/justicia.v16i2.1666.
Khan, Ghazala Ghalib. 2013. “Application of Talfīq in Modern Islamic Commercial Contracts.” Policy Perspectives 10(2):133–59.
Khasan, Moh. 2021. “From Textuality to Universality: The Evolution of Ḥirābah Crimes in Islamic Jurisprudence.” Al-Jāmi‘ah: Journal of Islamic Studies 59(1):1–32. doi: 10.14421/ajis.2021.591.
Kibtiah, Tia Mariatul, and Richa Vidya Yustikaningrum. 2018. “ISIS Defeat In The Middle East: It’s Impact On The Increase Of ISIS Power In The Southeast Asia (Case Study: The Increasing Number Of ISIS Member In Indonesia).” Journal of Strategic and Global Studies 1(2):43–65. doi: 10.7454/jsgs.v1i2.1009.
Kiesow Cortez, Elif, ed. 2021. Data Protection Around the World: Privacy Laws in Action. Vol. 33. The Hague: T.M.C. Asser Press.
LaFree, Gary. 2009. “Criminology’s Third War.” Criminology & Public Policy 8(3):431–44. doi: 10.1111/j.1745-9133.2009.00569.x.
Leawoods, Heather. 2000. “Gustav Radbruch: An Extraordinary Legal Philosopher.” Journal of Law and Policy 2:489–515.
Maroni, Maroni, and Nenny Dwi Ariani. 2018. “Problematic Dilemma of The Limitation of Granting Remission for Corruption Prisoners.” FIAT JUSTISIA:Jurnal Ilmu Hukum 12(2):95. doi: 10.25041/fiatjustisia.v12no2.939.
Mashari, and Sukmo Widi Harwanto. 2021. “Legal Protection of Women’s Workers’ Rights During the Covid-19 Pandemic.” International Journal of Computational Intelligence in Control 13(2):53–61.
Nelson, Sonia Ambrosio de. 2004. “Southeast Asian Press Coverage of Terrorism and the Bali Bombing.” The Copenhagen Journal of Asian Studies 20:47–69. doi: 10.22439/cjas.v20i0.32.
Patel, Sofia, and Jacqueline Westermann. 2018. “Women and Islamic-State Terrorism.” Security Challenges 14(2):53–83.
Penal Reform International. 2015. “Sharia Law and the Death Penalty Would Abolition of the Death Penalty Be Unfaithful to the Message of Islam?”
Pratomo, Hilmy. 2019. “Peran teori maqasid asy-syari’ah kontemporer dalam pengembangan sistem penafsiran al-qur’an.” Jurnal Ilmiah Al-Mu’ashirah 16(1):92. doi: 10.22373/jim.v16i1.5744.
Prihantoro, Syukur. 2017. “Maqasid Al-Syari’ah Dalam Pandangan Jasser Auda (sebuah Upaya Rekontruksi Hukum Islam Melalui Pendekatan Sistem).” Jurnal At-Tafkir 10(1):130–34.
Rabasa, Angel, ed. 2010. Deradicalizing Islamist Extremists. Santa Monica, CA: RAND.
Rahardjo, Satjipto. 2006. Hukum Dalam Jagat Ketertiban. Jakarta: Penerbit UKI Press.
Ramraj, Victor V. 2003. “The Emerging Security Paradigm in the West: A Perspective from Southeast Asia.” Asia-Pacific Journal on Human Rights and the Law 4(1):1–20. doi: 10.1163/157181503772901887.
Rane, Halim. 2019. “‘Cogent Religious Instruction’: A Response to the Phenomenon of Radical Islamist Terrorism in Australia.” Religions 10(4):246. doi: 10.3390/rel10040246.
Sahrasad, Herdi, and Al Chaidar. 2012. Islamism & Fundamentalism. Aceh: University of Malikussaleh Press.
Saraswati, Rika. 2020. “Gender Bias in Indonesian Courts: Is Perma No. 3 of 2017 the Solution for Gender-Based Violence Cases?” Laws 10(1):2. doi: 10.3390/laws10010002.
Satria, Adhi Putra. 2020. “The Existence and Legal Problems of Pak Ogah in Indonesia.” FIAT JUSTISIA:Jurnal Ilmu Hukum 14(1):33. doi: 10.25041/fiatjustisia.v14no1.1770.
Schmid, Alex. 2004. “Terrorism - The Definitional Problem.” Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law 36(2):375–419.
Sihotang, Amri Panahatan, Efi Yulistyowati, and Aga Natalis. 2021. “Fulfilment of the Right to Equitable Education for Members of Believers of Mystical Groups in Indonesia.” Journal of Legal, Ethical and Regulatory Issues 24(5):1.
Silalahi, Suandi, Sugiarto, Nurhattati, Suryadi, and Eliana Sari. 2019. “Independent Evaluation Policy for Admission of New Students Examination Outcome Phase.” International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering 8(2S9):99–106. doi: 10.35940/ijrte.B1023.0982S919.
Silalahi, Wilma. 2021. “Indonesian National Army Involvement in Handling Terrorism Action from Legal Perspective.” Constitutionale 2(1):39–56. doi: 10.25041/constitutionale.v2i1.2255.
Silke, Andrew, and Tinka Veldhuis. 2017. “Countering Violent Extremism in Prisons.” Perspectives on Terrorism 11(5):2–11.
Simaremare, Sumurung P., and Muhammad Dzikirullah H. Noho. 2021. “Disharmonized the Regulation of Biological Resources and Its Ecosystem in Indonesia.” International Journal of Criminology and Sociology 10:332–40.
Sinambela, Yogi Prasetya. 2020. “Disparity Of Death Penalthy Decision Against People Criminal Acts Of Dark Circular Narcotics.” Asian Social Science and Humanities Research Journal (ASHREJ) 2(1):9–19. doi: 10.37698/ashrej.v2i1.19.
Soviana, Riqqa, and Zainal Abidin. 2020. “Analisis Sistem Dropship Marketing Perspektif Konsep Maqashid Syariah Al-Syatibi.” TAWAZUN : Journal of Sharia Economic Law 3(1):75. doi: 10.21043/tawazun.v3i1.7533.
Subagyo, Agus. 2015. Teroris(Me): Aktor & Isu Global Abad XXI. Bandung: Alfabeta.
Sumpter, Cameron, Yuslikha K. Wardhani, and Sapto Priyanto. 2021. “Testing Transitions: Extremist Prisoners Re-Entering Indonesian Society.” Studies in Conflict & Terrorism 44(6):473–94. doi: 10.1080/1057610X.2018.1560666.
Suratman, Yosua Praditya. 2018. “The Effectiveness of De-Radicalization Program in Southeast Asia: Does It Work? The Case of Indonesia, Malaysia, and Singapore.” JAS (Journal of ASEAN Studies) 5(2):135. doi: 10.21512/jas.v5i2.4302.
Surwandono, Surwandono, Tri Astuti Susanthi Retnoningsih, and Masyithoh Annisa Alkatiri. 2018. “Prevention and Eradication of Terrorism Funding Criminal Act in Indonesia.” Otoritas : Jurnal Ilmu Pemerintahan 8(2):130–42. doi: 10.26618/ojip.v8i2.1013.
Susanti, Pipi, and Rafiqa Sari. 2021. “Government Responsibility for The Fulfillment Basic Rights of Unprosperous People In Education Sector.” Substantive Justice International Journal of Law 4(1):47. doi: 10.33096/substantivejustice.v4i1.106.
Susetyo, Heru. 2018. “Counter Terrorism and Human Rights Violation in the Aftermath of Terrorism in Indonesia.” Hukum Pidana Dan Pembangunan Hukum 1(1):1–8.
Susmiyati, Haris Retno, and Rahmawati Al-Hidayah. 2020. “The Legal Protection of Agricultural Land Sustainable Food in Mining Coal Area of East Kalimantan.” Pattimura Law Journal 5(1):36. doi: 10.47268/palau.v5i1.478.
Syahriar, Alfa, and Zahrotun Nafisah. 2020. “Comparison of Maqasid Al-Shariah Asy-Syathibi and Ibn Ashur Perspective of Usul al-Fiqh Four Mazhab.” Ulul Albab: Jurnal Studi Dan Penelitian Hukum Islam 3(2):185. doi: 10.30659/jua.v3i2.7630.
Takdir, Mohammad. 2020. “Indoctrination and Brainwashing Process in the Case of Terrorism: A Psychological Analysis of Suicide Bombing in Surabaya, East Java.” AKADEMIKA: Jurnal Pemikiran Islam 25(1):1–24. doi: 10.32332/akademika.v25i1.1990.
Tanjung, Muhammad Anwar, Retno Saraswati, and Lita Tyesta Alw. 2018. “The Development of Regional-Head Election Concept without Suspect.” P. 01002 in SHS Web of Conferences. Vol. 54, edited by A. Raharjo and T. Sudrajat.
Tibaka, Leli, and Rosdian Rosdian. 2018. “The Protection of Human Rights in Indonesian Constitutional Law after the Amendment of the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia.” FIAT JUSTISIA:Jurnal Ilmu Hukum 11(3):266–88. doi: 10.25041/fiatjustisia.v11no3.1141.
Toriquddin, Moh. 2014. “Teori maqâshid syarî’ah perspektif al-syatibi.” Journal de Jure 6(1):33–47. doi: 10.18860/j-fsh.v6i1.3190.
Utama, Ahmad Aditya Putra, and Heru Suyanto. 2021. “Implementation of Double Track System in Conviction Towards Special Expertise Crime.” Ius Poenale 2(1):1–20. doi: 10.25041/ip.v2i1.2152.
Utami, Tanti Kirana. 2020. “The Existence of State Policy Guidelines in the Perspective of Ordering the Order of Laws and Regulations.” International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH 8(12):48–53. doi: 10.29121/granthaalayah.v8.i12.2020.2597.
Waskito, Sarwo. 2021. “Regulatory Rights of Electronic Equipment in Criminal Procedure.” Technium Social Sciences Journal 20:334–38.
Wicaksana, I. Gede Wahyu. 2019. “The Consequence of Ethical Criticism of Intelligence on Countering Terrorism in Indonesia.” Asian Politics & Policy 11(1):62–79. doi: 10.1111/aspp.12433.
Widya, Bella. 2020. “Deradicalization in Indonesia: Implementation and Challenge.” Journal of Terrorism Studies 2(1). doi: 10.7454/jts.v2i1.1016.
Zaprulkhan, Zaprulkhan. 2018. “Maqāṣid Al-Shariah in the Contemporary Islamic Legal Discourse: Perspective of Jasser Auda.” Walisongo: Jurnal Penelitian Sosial Keagamaan 26(2):445. doi: 10.21580/ws.26.2.3231.
Zhou, Zunyou. 2019. “Chinese Strategy for De-Radicalization.” Terrorism and Political Violence 31(6):1187–1209. doi: 10.1080/09546553.2017.1330199.
Zimmermann, Doron, and William Rosenau, eds. 2009. The Radicalizaiton of Diasporas and Terrorism. Zürich: ETH Zürich, Center for Security Studies.