‘Little Gunshots, but with the blaze of lightning’: Xavier Herbert, Visuality and Human Rights
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Published:
Nov 27, 2017
Keywords:
Xavier Herbert, literary re-enactments, Capricornia, Poor Fellow My Country, photography and human rights
Main Article Content
Abstract
Xavier Herbert published his bestseller Capricornia in 1938, following two periods spent in the Northern Territory. His next major work, Poor Fellow My Country (1975), was not published until thirty-seven years later, but was also set in the north during the 1930s. One significant difference between the two novels is that by 1975 photo-journalism had become a significant force for influencing public opinion and reforming Aboriginal policy. Herbert’s novel, centring upon Prindy as vulnerable Aboriginal child, marks a sea change in perceptions of Aboriginal people and their place in Australian society, and a radical shift toward use of photography as a means of revealing the violation of human rights after World War II. In this article I review Herbert’s visual narrative strategies in the context of debates about this key historical shift and the growing impact of photography in human rights campaigns. I argue that Poor Fellow My Country should be seen as a textual re-enactment, set in Herbert’s and the nation’s past, yet coloured by more recent social changes that were facilitated and communicated through the camera’s lens. Like all re-enactments, it is written in the past conditional: it asks, what if things had been different? It poses a profound challenge to the state project of scientific modernity that was the Northern Territory over the first decades of the twentieth century.
Article Details
Section
Xavier Herbert: Forgotten or Repressed? (Peer Reviewed)
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References
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Bhabha, H., The Location of Culture, Routledge, New York, 1994.
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Brugioni, D.A., Eyes in the Sky: Eisenhower, the CIA, and Cold War Aerial Espionage, Naval Institute Press, Annapolis, 2010.
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De Groen, F., Xavier Herbert: A Biography, University of Queensland Press, Brisbane, 1998
Devlin-Glass, F., ‘The Eco-Centric Self and the Sacred in Xavier Herbert’s Poor Fellow My Country’, JASAL: Journal of the Association for the Study of Australian Literature, vol. 8, 2008, pp. 45–63.
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Drescher, S., Capitalism and Anti-Slavery: British Mobilization in Comparative Perspective, Macmillan, Basingstoke, 1986.
Duguid, C., Doctor and the Aborigines, Rigby, Adelaide, 1972.
Edmonds, P., ‘Collecting Looerryminer’s “Testimony”’, Australian Historical Studies, vol. 45, no. 1: 2014, pp. 13–33. https://doi.org/10.1080/1031461x.2013.877505.
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Foley, G., ‘A Short History of the Australian Indigenous Resistance 1950–1990’, in Nelson Aboriginal Studies, ed. A. Cadzow, J. Maynard and L. Behrendt, Cengage Learning, South Melbourne, 2012.
Foley, G., ‘ASIO and the Aboriginal Rights Movement 1951–1972’ in Dirty Secrets: Our ASIO Files, ed. M. Burgmann, NewSouth Publishing, Sydney, 2014.
Foley, G., A. Schaap and E. Howell (eds), The Aboriginal Tent Embassy: Sovereignty, Black Power, Land Rights and the State, Routledge, London, 2014. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203771235.
Haebich, A., Spinning the Dream: Assimilation in Australia 1950–1970, Fremantle Press, Fremantle, WA, 2008.
Hall, C., Civilising Subjects: Metropole and Colony in the English Imagination 1830–1867, Chicago University Press, Chicago, 2002.
Hayes, P., ‘Vision and Violence: Photographies of War in Southern Angola and Northern Namibia’, Kronos, vol. 27, 2001, pp. 133–57.
Head, B. and J. Walter, Intellectual Movements and Australian Society, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1988.
Herbert, X., Poor Fellow My Country, William Collins, Sydney, 1975.
Herbert, X., Letters, ed. F. De Groen and L. Hergenhan, University of Queensland Press, Brisbane, 2002.
Hunt, L., ‘Foreword’, in S. Sliwinski, Human Rights in Camera, Chicago University Press, Chicago, 2011.
Huzzey, R., Freedom Burning: Anti-Slavery and Empire in Victorian Britain, Cornell University Press, Ithaca, 2012.
Kerin, R., Doctor Do-Good: Charles Duguid and Aboriginal Advancement, 1930s–1970s, Australian Scholarly Publishing, Melbourne, 2011.
Kuklick, H., ‘“Humanity in the Chrysalis Stage”: Indigenous Australians in the Anthropological Imagination’, British Journal for the History of Science, vol. 39, no. 4: 2006, pp. 535–68. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0007087406008405.
Leane, J., ‘Tracking our Country in Settler Literature’, JASAL: Journal of the Association for the Study of Australian Literature, vol. 14, no. 3: 2014, pp. 1–17.
Linfield, S., The Cruel Radiance: Photography and Political Violence, University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 2010. https://doi.org/10.7208/chicago/9780226482521.001.0001.
‘Lowest Type of Human Being Known’, Weekly Illustrated, 13 November 1937.
Lydon, J., The Flash of Recognition: Photography and the Emergence of Indigenous Rights, Aboriginal Studies Press, Canberra, 2012.
Lydon, J., ‘The Bloody Skirt of Settlement’, Australian Historical Studies, vol. 45, no. 1: 2014, pp. 46–70. https://doi.org/10.1080/1031461x.2013.877503.
Lydon, J., ‘Living Pictures: Photography, Re-enactment and Colonialism’, in Conciliation on Colonial Frontiers: Conflict, Performance, and Commemoration in Australia and the Pacific Rim, ed. K. Darian-Smith and P. Edmonds, Routledge, New York, 2015, pp. 95–112.
Lydon, J., Photography, Humanitarianism, Empire, Bloomsbury, London, 2016.
Lydon, J. and F. Paisley, ‘Introduction: Australia and Anti-Slavery’, Australian Historical Studies, vol. 45, no. 1: 2014, pp. 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1080/1031461x.2014.877779.
Mayne, A., Representing the Slum: Popular Journalism in a Colonial City, University of Melbourne School of Historical Studies Monograph series no. 13, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, 1990.
McDougall, R., ‘Herbert, Albert Francis Xavier (1901–1984)’, Australian Dictionary of Biography, National Centre of Biography, Australian National University, 2007, http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/herbert-albert-francis-xavier-12623/text22741.
McGregor, R., Imagined Destinies: Aboriginal Australians and the Doomed Race Theory, 1880–1939, Melbourne University Press, Melbourne, 1997.
Mulvaney, J., H. Morphy and A. Petch (eds), ‘My Dear Spencer’: The Letters of F.J. Gillen to Baldwin Spencer, Hyland House, Melbourne, 1997.
Nead, L., Victorian Babylon: People, Streets and Images in Nineteenth-Century London, Yale University Press, New Haven, 2000.
Newell, S., Literary Culture in Colonial Ghana: How to Play the Game of Life, Indiana University Press, Bloomington, 2002.
Nicholls, D., ‘Plea for better deal for Aborigines’, Warragul Gazette, 10 October 1957, p. 4.
Nugent, M., ‘“An Echo of That Other Cry”: Re-Enacting Captain Cook’s First Landing as Conciliation Event’, in Conciliation on Colonial Frontiers: Conflict, Performance and Commemoration in Australia and the Pacific Rim, ed. K. Darian-Smith and P. Edmonds, Routledge, New York, 2015, pp. 193–210.
Paisley, F., ‘An Echo of Black Slavery: Emancipation, Forced Labour and Australia in 1933’, Australian Historical Studies, vol. 45, no. 1: 2014, pp. 103–25. https://doi.org/10.1080/1031461x.2013.877506.
Raiford, L., Imprisoned in a Luminous Glare: Photography and the African American Freedom Struggle, University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill, 2011.
Rosler, M., ‘In, Around, and Afterthoughts (on documentary photography)’, in Three Works, Nova Scotia College of Art and Design, Halifax, 1981.
Rowse, T. (ed), Contesting Assimilation, API Network, Perth, 2005.
Rowse, T., ‘Cook, Cecil Evelyn Aufrere (Mick) (1897–1985)’, Australian Dictionary of Biography, National Centre of Biography, Australian National University, 2007, http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/cook-cecil-evelyn-aufrere-mick-12343/text22175.
Schneider, R., Performing Remains: Art and War in Times of Theatrical Re-enactment, Routledge, London, 2011. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203852873.
Schwarz, A., ‘“Not This Year!”: Reenacting Contested Pasts Aboard The Ship’, Rethinking History, vol. 11, no. 3: 2007, pp. 427–46. https://doi.org/10.1080/13642520701353785.
Schwartz, A., ‘“... Just as it would have been in 1861”: Stuttering Colonial Beginnings in ABC’s Outback House’, in Historical Reenactment: From Realism to the Affective Turn, ed. I. McCalman and P. Pickering, Palgrave Macmillan, Basingstoke, 2010.
Sekula, A., ‘The Traffic in Photographs’, Art Journal, vol. 41, no. 1: pp. 15–25. https://doi.org/10.2307/776511.
Sinha, M., ‘Britain and the Empire: Toward a New Agenda for Imperial History’, Radical History Review, vol. 72, 1998, pp. 163–75. https://doi.org/10.1215/01636545-1998-72-163.
Solomon-Godeau, A., Photography at the Dock: Essays on Photographic History, Institutions, and Practices, University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis, 1991.
Spencer, W.B., Preliminary Report on the Aboriginals of the Northern Territory, Government Printer, Melbourne, July 1913.
Spivak, G.C., ‘Righting Wrongs’, The South Atlantic Quarterly, vol. 103, no. 2/3, 2004, pp. 523–81. https://doi.org/10.1215/00382876-103-2-3-523.
Steichen, E., The Family of Man:
Stocking, G., After Tylor: British Social Anthropology 1888–1951, University of Wisconsin Press, Madison, 1995.
Taffe, S., ‘Australian Diplomacy in a Policy Vacuum: Government and Aboriginal Affairs’, 1961–1962, Aboriginal History, vol. 19, 1995, pp. 154–72.
Taffe, S., ‘The Role of FCAATSI in the 1967 Referendum: Mythmaking about Citizenship or Political Strategy?’, in Contesting assimilation, ed. T. Rowse, API Network, Perth, 2005.
UNESCO, Constitution of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, in UNESCO, Basic Texts, UNESCO, Paris, 2014, http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0022/002269/226924e.pdf.
UNESCO, Human Rights: Exhibition Album, UNESCO, Paris, 1950.
Virilio, P., War and Cinema: The Logistics of Perception, Verso, New York, 1989.
Wilson, K. (ed.), A New Imperial History: Culture, Identity and Modernity in Britain and the Empire, 1660–1840, Cambridge University Press, 2004.
Wolfe, P., Settler Colonialism and the Transformation of Anthropology: The Politics and Poetics of an Ethnographic Event, Cassell, London, 1999.
Allbeson, T., ‘Photographic Diplomacy in the Postwar World: UNESCO and the Conception of Photography as a Universal Language, 1946–1956’, Modern Intellectual History, vol. 12, no. 2: 2015, pp. 1–33. https://doi.org/10.1017/s1479244314000316.
Arrow, M., M. Hughes-Warrington and B. Griffen-Foley, ‘Histories of Australian Media Reception’, special issue of Media International Australia, no. 131, 2009.
Austin, T., ‘Cecil Cook, Scientific Thought and “Half-Castes” in the Northern Territory 1927–1939’, Aboriginal History, vol. 14, 1990, pp. 104–22.
Austin, T., I Can Picture the Old Home So Clearly: The Commonwealth and ‘Half-caste’ Youth in the Northern Territory 1911–1939, Aboriginal Studies Press, Canberra, 1993.
Austin, T., Never Trust a Government Man: Northern Territory Aboriginal Policy 1911–1939, Northern Territory University, Darwin, 1997.
Austin, T., ‘McGinness, Valentine Bynoe (1910–1988)’, Australian Dictionary of Biography, National Centre of Biography, Australian National University, 2012, http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/mcginness-valentine-bynoe-14671/text25807.
Barlow, T.E. (ed.), Formations of Colonial Modernity in East Asia, Duke University Press, Durham, 2007.
Bennett, T., ‘Making and Mobilising Worlds’, in Material Powers: Cultural Studies, History and the Material Turn, ed. T. Bennett and P. Joyce, Routledge, London and New York, 2010, pp. 190–208. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203883877.
Bhabha, H., The Location of Culture, Routledge, New York, 1994.
Birch, T., ‘“These children have been born in an abyss”: Slum Photography in a Melbourne Suburb’, Australian Historical Studies, vol. 35, no. 123: 2004, pp. 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1080/10314610408596269.
Brugioni, D.A., Eyeball to Eyeball: The Inside Story of the Cuban Missile Crisis, Random House, New York, 1991.
Brugioni, D.A., Eyes in the Sky: Eisenhower, the CIA, and Cold War Aerial Espionage, Naval Institute Press, Annapolis, 2010.
Chakrabarty, D., Provincializing Europe: Postcolonial Thought and Historical Difference, Princeton University Press, New Jersey, 2007.
Clark, J., Aborigines and Activism: Race, Aborigines and the Coming of the Sixties to Australia, University of Western Australia Press, Perth, 2008.
Courtney, M., ‘Give Them a Chance’, Australian Monthly, 1 March 1955, p. 37.
Curthoys, A., Freedom Ride: A Freedom Rider Remembers, Allen and Unwin, Sydney, 2002.
Davison, G., ‘Introduction’, in The Outcasts of Melbourne: Essays in Social History, ed. G. Davison, D. Dunstan and C. McConville, Allen and Unwin, Sydney, 1985.
De Groen, F., Xavier Herbert: A Biography, University of Queensland Press, Brisbane, 1998
Devlin-Glass, F., ‘The Eco-Centric Self and the Sacred in Xavier Herbert’s Poor Fellow My Country’, JASAL: Journal of the Association for the Study of Australian Literature, vol. 8, 2008, pp. 45–63.
Dixon, R., Writing the Colonial Adventure: Race, Gender and Nation in Anglo-Australian Popular Fiction, 1875–1914, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1995. https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9781139085038.
Dixon, R., Photography, Early Cinema and Colonial Modernity: Frank Hurley's Synchronized Lecture Entertainments, Anthem Press, Sydney, 2012. https://doi.org/10.7135/upo9781843317593.
Drescher, S., Capitalism and Anti-Slavery: British Mobilization in Comparative Perspective, Macmillan, Basingstoke, 1986.
Duguid, C., Doctor and the Aborigines, Rigby, Adelaide, 1972.
Edmonds, P., ‘Collecting Looerryminer’s “Testimony”’, Australian Historical Studies, vol. 45, no. 1: 2014, pp. 13–33. https://doi.org/10.1080/1031461x.2013.877505.
Edmonds, P., Settler Colonialism and (Re)conciliation, Palgrave Macmillan, Basingstoke, 2016. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137304544.
Elder, C., ‘Colonialism and Reenactment Television: Imagining Belonging in Outback House’, in Settler and Creole Reenactment, ed. V. Agnew and J. Lamb, Palgrave Macmillan, Basingstoke, 2009, pp. 193–207. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230244900_12.
Elder, C., ‘Re-enacting National Histories: Outback House and Narratives of Australia’s Colonial Past’, in The Nation on Screen: Discourses of the National on Global Television, ed. A. Dhoest, H. O'Donnell and E. Castello, Cambridge Scholars Publishing, Newcastle, 2009, pp. 217–32.
Foley, G., ‘A Short History of the Australian Indigenous Resistance 1950–1990’, in Nelson Aboriginal Studies, ed. A. Cadzow, J. Maynard and L. Behrendt, Cengage Learning, South Melbourne, 2012.
Foley, G., ‘ASIO and the Aboriginal Rights Movement 1951–1972’ in Dirty Secrets: Our ASIO Files, ed. M. Burgmann, NewSouth Publishing, Sydney, 2014.
Foley, G., A. Schaap and E. Howell (eds), The Aboriginal Tent Embassy: Sovereignty, Black Power, Land Rights and the State, Routledge, London, 2014. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203771235.
Haebich, A., Spinning the Dream: Assimilation in Australia 1950–1970, Fremantle Press, Fremantle, WA, 2008.
Hall, C., Civilising Subjects: Metropole and Colony in the English Imagination 1830–1867, Chicago University Press, Chicago, 2002.
Hayes, P., ‘Vision and Violence: Photographies of War in Southern Angola and Northern Namibia’, Kronos, vol. 27, 2001, pp. 133–57.
Head, B. and J. Walter, Intellectual Movements and Australian Society, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1988.
Herbert, X., Poor Fellow My Country, William Collins, Sydney, 1975.
Herbert, X., Letters, ed. F. De Groen and L. Hergenhan, University of Queensland Press, Brisbane, 2002.
Hunt, L., ‘Foreword’, in S. Sliwinski, Human Rights in Camera, Chicago University Press, Chicago, 2011.
Huzzey, R., Freedom Burning: Anti-Slavery and Empire in Victorian Britain, Cornell University Press, Ithaca, 2012.
Kerin, R., Doctor Do-Good: Charles Duguid and Aboriginal Advancement, 1930s–1970s, Australian Scholarly Publishing, Melbourne, 2011.
Kuklick, H., ‘“Humanity in the Chrysalis Stage”: Indigenous Australians in the Anthropological Imagination’, British Journal for the History of Science, vol. 39, no. 4: 2006, pp. 535–68. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0007087406008405.
Leane, J., ‘Tracking our Country in Settler Literature’, JASAL: Journal of the Association for the Study of Australian Literature, vol. 14, no. 3: 2014, pp. 1–17.
Linfield, S., The Cruel Radiance: Photography and Political Violence, University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 2010. https://doi.org/10.7208/chicago/9780226482521.001.0001.
‘Lowest Type of Human Being Known’, Weekly Illustrated, 13 November 1937.
Lydon, J., The Flash of Recognition: Photography and the Emergence of Indigenous Rights, Aboriginal Studies Press, Canberra, 2012.
Lydon, J., ‘The Bloody Skirt of Settlement’, Australian Historical Studies, vol. 45, no. 1: 2014, pp. 46–70. https://doi.org/10.1080/1031461x.2013.877503.
Lydon, J., ‘Living Pictures: Photography, Re-enactment and Colonialism’, in Conciliation on Colonial Frontiers: Conflict, Performance, and Commemoration in Australia and the Pacific Rim, ed. K. Darian-Smith and P. Edmonds, Routledge, New York, 2015, pp. 95–112.
Lydon, J., Photography, Humanitarianism, Empire, Bloomsbury, London, 2016.
Lydon, J. and F. Paisley, ‘Introduction: Australia and Anti-Slavery’, Australian Historical Studies, vol. 45, no. 1: 2014, pp. 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1080/1031461x.2014.877779.
Mayne, A., Representing the Slum: Popular Journalism in a Colonial City, University of Melbourne School of Historical Studies Monograph series no. 13, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, 1990.
McDougall, R., ‘Herbert, Albert Francis Xavier (1901–1984)’, Australian Dictionary of Biography, National Centre of Biography, Australian National University, 2007, http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/herbert-albert-francis-xavier-12623/text22741.
McGregor, R., Imagined Destinies: Aboriginal Australians and the Doomed Race Theory, 1880–1939, Melbourne University Press, Melbourne, 1997.
Mulvaney, J., H. Morphy and A. Petch (eds), ‘My Dear Spencer’: The Letters of F.J. Gillen to Baldwin Spencer, Hyland House, Melbourne, 1997.
Nead, L., Victorian Babylon: People, Streets and Images in Nineteenth-Century London, Yale University Press, New Haven, 2000.
Newell, S., Literary Culture in Colonial Ghana: How to Play the Game of Life, Indiana University Press, Bloomington, 2002.
Nicholls, D., ‘Plea for better deal for Aborigines’, Warragul Gazette, 10 October 1957, p. 4.
Nugent, M., ‘“An Echo of That Other Cry”: Re-Enacting Captain Cook’s First Landing as Conciliation Event’, in Conciliation on Colonial Frontiers: Conflict, Performance and Commemoration in Australia and the Pacific Rim, ed. K. Darian-Smith and P. Edmonds, Routledge, New York, 2015, pp. 193–210.
Paisley, F., ‘An Echo of Black Slavery: Emancipation, Forced Labour and Australia in 1933’, Australian Historical Studies, vol. 45, no. 1: 2014, pp. 103–25. https://doi.org/10.1080/1031461x.2013.877506.
Raiford, L., Imprisoned in a Luminous Glare: Photography and the African American Freedom Struggle, University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill, 2011.
Rosler, M., ‘In, Around, and Afterthoughts (on documentary photography)’, in Three Works, Nova Scotia College of Art and Design, Halifax, 1981.
Rowse, T. (ed), Contesting Assimilation, API Network, Perth, 2005.
Rowse, T., ‘Cook, Cecil Evelyn Aufrere (Mick) (1897–1985)’, Australian Dictionary of Biography, National Centre of Biography, Australian National University, 2007, http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/cook-cecil-evelyn-aufrere-mick-12343/text22175.
Schneider, R., Performing Remains: Art and War in Times of Theatrical Re-enactment, Routledge, London, 2011. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203852873.
Schwarz, A., ‘“Not This Year!”: Reenacting Contested Pasts Aboard The Ship’, Rethinking History, vol. 11, no. 3: 2007, pp. 427–46. https://doi.org/10.1080/13642520701353785.
Schwartz, A., ‘“... Just as it would have been in 1861”: Stuttering Colonial Beginnings in ABC’s Outback House’, in Historical Reenactment: From Realism to the Affective Turn, ed. I. McCalman and P. Pickering, Palgrave Macmillan, Basingstoke, 2010.
Sekula, A., ‘The Traffic in Photographs’, Art Journal, vol. 41, no. 1: pp. 15–25. https://doi.org/10.2307/776511.
Sinha, M., ‘Britain and the Empire: Toward a New Agenda for Imperial History’, Radical History Review, vol. 72, 1998, pp. 163–75. https://doi.org/10.1215/01636545-1998-72-163.
Solomon-Godeau, A., Photography at the Dock: Essays on Photographic History, Institutions, and Practices, University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis, 1991.
Spencer, W.B., Preliminary Report on the Aboriginals of the Northern Territory, Government Printer, Melbourne, July 1913.
Spivak, G.C., ‘Righting Wrongs’, The South Atlantic Quarterly, vol. 103, no. 2/3, 2004, pp. 523–81. https://doi.org/10.1215/00382876-103-2-3-523.
Steichen, E., The Family of Man:
Stocking, G., After Tylor: British Social Anthropology 1888–1951, University of Wisconsin Press, Madison, 1995.
Taffe, S., ‘Australian Diplomacy in a Policy Vacuum: Government and Aboriginal Affairs’, 1961–1962, Aboriginal History, vol. 19, 1995, pp. 154–72.
Taffe, S., ‘The Role of FCAATSI in the 1967 Referendum: Mythmaking about Citizenship or Political Strategy?’, in Contesting assimilation, ed. T. Rowse, API Network, Perth, 2005.
UNESCO, Constitution of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, in UNESCO, Basic Texts, UNESCO, Paris, 2014, http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0022/002269/226924e.pdf.
UNESCO, Human Rights: Exhibition Album, UNESCO, Paris, 1950.
Virilio, P., War and Cinema: The Logistics of Perception, Verso, New York, 1989.
Wilson, K. (ed.), A New Imperial History: Culture, Identity and Modernity in Britain and the Empire, 1660–1840, Cambridge University Press, 2004.
Wolfe, P., Settler Colonialism and the Transformation of Anthropology: The Politics and Poetics of an Ethnographic Event, Cassell, London, 1999.