Image, Precariousness and the Logic of Cultural Production in Hong Kong

Interpretations of culture in Hong Kong have tended to portray the city in terms of the vanishing present, in some combination of the instant, fleeting and disappearing. This article redresses such language of lack to consider instead how the idea of precariousness in the realm of the cultural has been less a condition of cultural production than a cultural strategy. Street art, including alternative performance art and political graffiti, has made the city itself the site of roving cultural production: walls, street surfaces and passageways accommodate forms of expression that the city’s cultural institutions have only more recently and uneasily embraced. In these different modes of time-space, contemporary alternative art occupies transitory territory and locates its ‘precariousness’ in lack of definitive status and uncertain future – mimetic conditions of defining culture in Hong Kong society itself. Its measures, by contrast, emerge in Jacques Ranciere’s distribution of the sensible: the ways in which they render what is visible, knowable and ultimately sayable. As objects generating negotiation, such contemporary cultural projects anticipate instabilities of the present, identify hegemonic political economic logics and seek modes of resistance. Within these perspectives, this discussion juxtaposes two simultaneous events: the exhibit ‘Memories of King Kowloon’ on the historic graffiti of Tsang Tsou-choi, and the stenciled graffiti of Ai Weiwei in public space during April and May 2011.

Tsang Tsou-choi, known as the 'King of Kowloon,' and the stenciled likenesses of Ai Weiwei by graffiti artist Tang Chin, known as Chin Tangerine.Neither of these projects takes the visual form of graffiti in the conventional sense of 'tagging' (Manhattan subway cars) or sanctioned alternative art in 'blank' urban spaces (murals under highway overpasses).Whether identified as graffiti, street art or cultural work, their projects take material form in the city, circulate as images in diverse media, and enfold multiple representations about postcoloniality, territoriality, political authority and cultural difference-the dilemma of 'Hong Kong in China.'Their further capacity to engage, challenge and provoke, within the local and national political economy, and, ultimately, to transcend 'the local' and become entrained within the world art system, arguably identifies the significance of precariousness in Hong Kong and its logic of cultural production.
The idea that cultural projects in Hong Kong reflect and demonstrate aesthetics of postcoloniality is not new, yet the limits of past formulations have become clearer with shifts in the post-1997 landscape.In this essay I suggest the need for new contexts of understanding cultural activity and fresh readings of their symbolic and relational meanings in political and economic terms.In the next section, I compare theoretical perspectives on cultural production in the city to demonstrate why we may wish to clear some ground for alternative and new interpretations, especially for alternative art works and cultural projects in Hong Kong engaged with social issues and political change.The reality is that the compelling 1997 'identity question' has receded from central debate with the emergence of increasingly challenging issues.Reprising Oscar Ho's words, some new clear and strong issues need dealing with, especially after 2003, when historic local protests stopped implementation of the PRC's national 'security law,' seeking controls on freedom of expression; and 2005-2006, when income inequality in Hong Kong, the highest among developed economies, became a sustained public issue.

Postmodernity, postcoloniality, contemporaneity
The scholarship on the question of postcoloniality in Hong Kong demonstrates a range of topics and theoretical approaches (see, for example, Tam 1997;Erni 2001Erni , 2012;;Fung 2004;Lo 2005;Henderson 2008;Lu 2009), among which the most well known in the international academy is the work in film studies and postmodern theory.In this arena, the title Hong Kong: Culture and the Politics of Disappearance (Abbas 1997), a treatment of Hong Kong cinema, exquisitely captured the anxieties of 1997 and gained influence beyond its field.Its core argument holds that the problem of postcolonial identity in Hong Kong is misleading: the real question is rather 'subjectivity in a space of disappearance' and understanding that 'postcoloniality is a tactic and a practice, not a legal-political contract or a historic accident' (Abbas 1997: 10).With this formulation, Abbas showed the problems of thinking about the postcolonial as a historical time, and persuasively demonstrated the multiple, complex and positional conditions of identity.
In treating the postcolonial as a question about the potential limits of understanding identity, 'culture and the politics of disappearance' turned a phrase on the handover and refracted images of the city whose future could only be imagined.
Yet for anyone concerned with the realities of the politics of cultural production and daily life in the city, the notion of 'subjectivity in a space of disappearance' (Abbas 1997: 10) should yield some pause: what 'space' and what conditions of 'disappearance'?In its dedication to the visual, and working through postmodern linguistic turns, such as "using disappearance to deal with disappearance" (7-8), the text conveys how understanding Hong Kong at the handover, and Hong Kong identity, cannot be achieved through fixed or limited representations. 1 Yet the linguistic formulation slips between representations and realities of the city, between film space and urban space: 'the way the city has been made to appear in many representations in fact works to make it disappear' (7).This slippage points to the incommensurability of using film space to understand urban space: in reality, the city cannot 'in fact' disappear.
Inspired by Paul Virilio's The Aesthetics of Disappearance (1991), such critical inquiry based in visual studies captured the uncertain aesthetics of rapid change in Hong Kong, yet the fundamentally postmodern theoretical line-working through film text rather than material space-bracketed realities of the urban process and remained at an incommensurable distance from the realities of daily life.It reproduced Jane Jacobs' (1996) caution about delineating the postcolonial at some level of postmodern 1 The 'Hong Kong handover' refers to the change of sovereignty over Hong Kong from Great Britain to the People's Republic of China, which took place on 1 July 1997.The handover is also used as the English-language translation of 香港回归祖国 (Xianggang huigui zuguo), Hong Kong's return to the motherland, which is often shortened simply to 回归 (huigui, return).In the general sense, the hand-over refers to the time before and after 1997 but there is no set period of years defining the handover.The once common phrase 'in the run-up to 1997' or 'in the run-up to the handover' characterized the late colonial period and came into use after London and Beijing signed the Joint Agreement, in 1984, that defined the terms and planning process for the change of sovereignty.To say 'at the time of the handover' is to indicate the year 1997, and 'around the handover' may include up to two to three years before or after, but again there is no specified time span.theoretical abstraction, finding culture in signs and texts, divorced from history and political economy.
The 'urban process' indicates the development and restructuring of urban space under late or advanced capitalism (1970s to the present), in which the increasing pace of the turnover time of capital causes rapid change in the built environment.An example in Hong Kong is the Ritz-Carlton, 1993-2008, a high-rise hotel in Central District that was demolished after only 14 years to rebuild the site with an office tower to achieve higher rents.Increasing pace in the turnover time of capital also applies to households and daily life, in which many people work longer hours to achieve more and higher value consumption, which is required to fuel postindustrial economies.The situation contributes to economic inequity since people in low-paying jobs especially must work longer hours or multiple jobs to participate.With their concentrated mix of low wage and high wage jobs, world cities lie at the crossroads of these economic forces.Yet politically, no other major city in the world lives within the complex and contending national and transnational histories of Hong Kong.
Hong Kong cinema dates to the middle of the twentieth century and was enriched by film companies that left Shanghai with the advance of the Communist regime in 1949 (Fu 2003).By comparison, contemporary and alternative art emerges in Hong Kong in the late twentieth century, closely associated with international currents in art practice and overseas training.Alternative and political art in Hong Kong enters a period of unprecedented expansion with 1997, with its focus on exploration of Hong Kong identity.The first monograph on the subject, Hong Kong Art: Culture and Decolonization, by David Clarke (2001), records contemporary work produced at the handover, especially installation art and alternative performance art.'Hong Kong Incarnated: Museum 97,' a work by Oscar Ho, is the emblematic exhibit of the era.It featured a mythical history of Hong Kong in the body of 'Lo-ting,' a proto-historical man-fish-a population generated from the sea-a Hong Kong that could not be descendent from the empire of the yellow earth (a metaphor for China). 2 'Museum 97' retrieved the place of Hong Kong from a subsidiary role in the history of nation-states and centralized its significance, showing how myth works in any nation-building experience (Clarke 2001;Ngan & Lai 2004).
Ever since, the image and idea of 'Lo-ting' has circulated in the arts and culture community in Hong Kong.Such a postcolonial approach to cultural production has created of a set of new symbolisms indexed to place that represent collective identity.2010), maintains the local perspective that there is no 'Hong Kong art'; rather, art in Hong Kong must be contextualized to understand its meanings and contributions to public culture.In these ways, the time and space of cultural production in Hong Kong occupies transitory territory and locates its 'precariousness'-in lack of readily definitive status and uncertain future.Its measures emerge in postcolonial approaches that locate the problems of national frames-nationalizing histories and art histories of the national.
Artworks outside the national frame question linear narratives of history from a singular, authoritative worldview and they project alternatives.They often sketch the 'ordinary unseen' through images of local understandings that prevail irrespective of the elite-led state-capital urban process.Such projects also locate contradictions and hypocrisies embedded in state ideological frameworks that would work to circumscribe and limit the interests of average people, while maintaining social and economic inequalities.Rancière in fact speaks more about the political than art, not least because 'contemporary art is, quintessentially, art defined by the erasure of medium specificity, indeed by the erasure of the visibility of art as a distinct practice' (2007: 1).This condition of the contemporary aesthetic regime of art, that is, 'artists' or cultural workers working with multiple media and wearing different hats, informs understanding integrated relationships between art and daily life in the urban sphere, and the potential of critical and alternative artworks to comment on and intervene in social and economic problems of the global city.

Cultural projects, art works
Within these perspectives, I turn to examine an episode in cultural production in Hong Kong through two simultaneous but unconnected events: the 2011 exhibit, 'Memories of King Kowloon,' marking the lifetime of the public calligraphy or calligraphy graffiti work by Tsang Tsou-choi (1921-2007), and the graffiti imaging of the likeness of Ai Weiwei in Hong Kong, during his detention in Beijing in April 2011, by Tang Chin.As graffiti works, they are alternative art forms-street art-linked by their production on surfaces of the built environment in public space.They differ in form, style and performative approach and, ultimately, in reception in the city.In each case, I do not treat these cultural productions in the normative sense of art history, that is, establishing 'facts' about these artists because their works, in step with the thought of Rancière, exist outside the conventions of the world art system's efforts to establish provenance and biography for commercial valuation.
As cultural projects, I find that the work of Tsang Tsou-choi and Tang Chin both represent deeply rooted yet precarious meanings about culture and the possibilities of Hong Kong identity, meanings of identity that transcend the prolonged moment of 1997.
After 40 years of daily life practice, in which he was alternately disregarded, avoided, arrested and ultimately admired, the work of Tsang Tsou-choi has been 'discovered' and adopted within the art system.The work by Tang Chin featuring images of Ai Weiwei was new in 2011, and met by stepwise reaction through photographic documentation, media and Internet circulation, rapid removal by municipal workers and police investigation.Tang Chin herself hid in the context of producing the work.Within social and political norms in Hong Kong, both projects represent some measure of deviancy and aberrant conduct, yet one has been ultimately commodified while the other has been alternately hailed and criminalized.In each project, meanings about identity emerge in cultural practice and context, in spaces of daily life in the city.

Tsang Tsou-choi
The large-scale retrospective exhibit of the work of Tsang Tsou-choi, 'Memories of King Kowloon,' appeared at ArtisTree from April 20 to May 31, 2011 (Figure 1).
ArtisTree is an art space ('multi-purpose venue') opened in 2008 at Island East, a corporate office and hotel complex owned by Swire Properties, part of a conglomerate that originated as a nineteenth-century British trading house.The gallery site alone, embedded inside the privatized space of one of Hong Kong's leading property firms, jars with Tsang Tsou-choi's life history as a person with diminished mobility living on social assistance.In his practice of working and living days on the street, Tsang painted a modern, blocky calligraphy on remnants of the urban landscape, especially pillars, construction walls and utility boxes (Figures 2 and 3).The ArtisTree exhibit was distinctive for its size and design, and reach into the material culture from Tsang's daily life such as brushes, ink bottles and an old ID card, in addition to documenting the history of his work (Figure 3).We must have critical reactions to the presentation style of the exhibit for its extraordinary contrast to Tsang's daily life practice and production on the street (Figure 4).For example, the cost of mounting even one large object under glass would have likely sustained Tsang and his family for a week.
The story of the 'King of Kowloon' is well known in Hong Kong.His works have been widely documented in local art criticism and in several exhibits, beginning in 1997.His   otherwise un-doable.Histories of Tsang always mention his crutches as if an accessory to his style en deshabille-a true sign of cultural monumentality-rather than reflecting on his extraordinary dedication to cultural production in the face of considerable hardship.Tsang arrived in Hong Kong from Guangdong at the age of 16, had limited education and lived his life in public housing estates.His waged job as a refuse site worker left him partially disabled from a leg injury and he subsequently negotiated some of the world's busiest streets on crutches.His dedication to a fully alternative life practice led his wife and children to abandon him: no wonder his writing recreates familial and state-society relationships.His process of transforming social isolation into public culture resonated in the life of the street, and he often returned to repaint sites where municipal workers had only just removed or painted over his brushwork (Chung 2007(Chung , 2011)).His territorial practice in public space produced an estimated 55,000 calligraphies on urban outcrops around the city (Lau 2011), mostly in Kowloon.
The contradictions between Tsang's limited resources and power in the conventional sense and his adopted royal 'brush name,' between his apparently precarious condition and the regularity of his practice, and between his limited education and his adoption of a form of expression-calligraphy-that represents formal education-in addition to his cultural mien in contrast to his ultimate cultural status-together suggest some of the paradoxical conditions that characterize meanings of culture and the city in Hong Kong.
In a city dominated by big banks and property development, and apparent endless concern with making money, these conditions of Tsang's practice and their symbolic meanings invert hierarchy, defy notions of status, problematize who produces cultureand uphold the significance of daily life experience in the face of an unknowable yet inevitable national future.

Tang Chin
By the second week of April 2011, stenciled likenesses of Ai Weiwei's face appeared around several of the major urban districts of Hong Kong, on nondescript walls, street surfaces, underground walkways and the occasional doorway.Their size was typically less than a meter and their locations tended to be relatively discreet (Figures 6 and 7).
Despite their quiet appearance, without introductory fanfare, the stylized images, underscored by the caption, 'Who's Afraid of Ai Weiwei?,' became the focus of  By adopting a first person perspective on 'core values,' her statement repositioned 'values' as a discourse available to anyone, and in mirroring state discourse, achieved a critical rhetoric that points to hypocrisies of government policies and state notions of moral standards.

Concluding perspectives
The Weiwei's disappearance while so would the street cleaner dispatched to an underground pedestrian walkway to remove the paint.At Star Walk many tourists from the PRC would be compelled to inquire, who is the man in this image?
These projects enacted in the public life of the city contrast with ideas about culture in terms of 'disappearance.'We may find a 'culture of disappearance' if we understand the circulation of Tsang's and Chin's works through their reproduction as images and their ultimate disappearance in the space of the city.Yet I find it more relevant to understand the circulation of these works and images of them through a logic of precariousness in which the meaning of precariousness holds together concerns about state-society relations, income inequality and the condition of postcoloniality in Hong Kong, a condition that is always ever fleeting.Certainly the idea of disappearance 'disappearing' the city is wholly untenable.I would suggest instead that Tsang's and Chin's works in fact urge us to consider the significance of daily life in the city in all its appearances, and, in learning from difference and difference in identify formation, to reach for political-ethical understandings of social life and cultural production.
The crossover of these cultural projects-between graffiti, street art, art action, alternative performance art, political protest and rights campaign-and their multiple media of expression exemplifies qualities of the 'distribution of the sensible.'Jacques Rancière's understanding of the aesthetic regime-its collapse of medium specificity and its challenges to 'art,' in the normative sense, as a distinct practice-identifies the significance of art and cultural practice before and outside the market.His articulation recognizes diverse cultural projects in the world today whose products and material outcomes are not readily identifiable as 'art' in a public sphere that has been socialized by normative state discourses of 'creative industry,' that is, an expectation of 'culture' in saleable forms.His articulation recovers the distance between historic culturalpolitical movements of avant-gardes and places of the present where complex human issues need to be addressed.Certainly this understanding complicates who is an artist in the world today.It relieves the discipline of art history as final arbiter, and returns the idea of art to people whose cultural projects take shape in multiple contexts, dimensions and sensoria.In the contemporary neoliberal world economy, any cultural project that effectively resists the bounds of the art system has become a political project.
The enduring significance of Tsang Tsou-choi's practice in the daily life of urban Hong Kong continues to resonate in a city whose collective identity seeks to write its own history.The predictable commodification of his graffiti works subsequent to his death contrasts to reactions to the stenciled graffiti of Ai Weiwei on the street.In the same city at the same time, one alternative cultural practice received valorization and acclaim, while the other, in public space, antagonized the state and drew police interest to criminalize the activity.The police logic would seek to convey to the public that something is 'wrong' with Ai Weiwei and that something is wrong with supporting him.
However, in the context of the broader Hong Kong social movement, the logic works to opposite outcomes: if there is freedom of expression in Hong Kong, then 'who' is criminalizing the graffiti?If a graffito caption is in English in Hong Kong, who is the intended audience and what are the implications?Certainly the issue deserves more analysis than this brief treatment, including the future of these images of Ai Weiwei.
Already most of the images from the campaign that were circulating on the Internet have been taken down or copyrighted.
The circulation of the image in the context of contemporary globalization breaks the historic logic that the ephemeral is not cultural because it is not durable; and in recognizing the instabilities of the present, identifies hegemonic political economic logics and seeks modes of resistance.Within these perspectives, the works of Tsang and Tang exemplify the potential of the image to contain and hold complex understandings of political and economic exigencies.In Hong Kong as a place that mastered rapid production for the world economy and then bequeathed its manufacturing apparatus, after 1979, to the PRC, Hong Kong as a global city-a center of 'flows'-is a pivotal site of the production and relay of images.It has also become, paradoxically, a center of arbitration over what is culture and cultural production in China.
Yet such 'localness' also challenges notions of 'provincialism': to produce art in Hong Kong without referencing or reproducing the canonic traditions of 'Chinese art,' especially ink painting, is to challenge or put aside essential ideas about Chinese aesthetics and art practice and, by extension, the 'Chineseness' that it represents.By dealing with the complexity of identity in Hong Kong, contemporary art addresses a suite of themes associated with anti-essentialist positions.It problematizes meanings of Chinese identity, including recognizing how different perspectives matter.Reflecting these understandings, I Like Hong Kong … Art and Deterritorialization, by Frank Vigneron ( Since the mid-2000s, with the shelving of the national 'security law' under Article 23 of the Hong Kong Basic Law, I argue that the problem of identity in Hong Kong has recomposed and rescaled in a politics of aesthetics-the politics of what can be made visible and sayable-concerned with the place of Hong Kong in the nation.Such a political aesthetic cannot yield to the clichéd 'East meets West' of Hong Kong's commercial discourses or the postmodern's flattened history in a 'pastiche' of fast-moving images.Reframing the Hong Kong cultural landscape depends on understanding how the problem of identity re-emerges in contemporary politics of articulation, an aesthetics of politics that 'invents ways of being, seeing and saying, engenders new subjects, new forms of collective enunciation' (Corcoran 2010: 7).Such potential forms of cultural production contribute to what Jacques Rancière calls the 'redistribution of the sensible which defines the common of a community, to introduce into it new subjects and objects, to render visible what had not been, and to make heard as speakers those who had been perceived as mere noisy animals' (2009: 25).It follows that the redistribution of the sensible in time and space also holds the potential to render visible different possibilities of cultural production.

Figure 6 .
Figure 6.Stencil graffiti by Chin Tangerine.The first and most common design of several stenciled images used in the street art campaign for Ai Weiwei during April and May 2011 in Hong Kong.

Figure 7 :
Figure 7: Back alley on Hong Kong island, 2011.Photo credit: Asia Art Archive.
street art campaign for Ai Weiwei and the street calligraphy by Tsang Tsou-choi demonstrate forms of local legibility in Hong Kong.Each symbolizes a set of statesociety relations in the public interest through visual media as a basis for symbolic politics.Each has produced images generating negotiation-between the artist/cultural worker/citizen provocateur and the government, and among people in all of life as they circulate in society.The well-known history of the street calligraphy of the King of Kowloon demonstrates how local outlooks have accommodated and understood provocative and polemical graffiti as outlets for social and political sentiment.The street art campaign for Ai Weiwei effectively bridged the inequality gap: the investment banker going to work at the International Financial Centre would be reminded of Ai