Foundational Myths: Country and conservation in Australia
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Published:
Feb 25, 2008
Keywords:
environment, indigenous land, conservation
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Abstract
In Australia, while each state has responsibility for the creation and management of their own national park systems, overall coordination is achieved through the Commonwealth National Reserve System. The Australian systems, like many others, are essentially based on the ‘Yellowstone model’ of protected areas: government owned and managed, precise boundaries, and with people present only as visitors or rangers (Stevens 1997). The Yellowstone model had its origins in wilderness protection, and despite many changes, wilderness persists as a foundational concept for Australian national parks.
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References
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Adams, M. (2004) "Negotiating nature: collaboration and conflict between Aboriginal and conservation interests in New South Wales, Australia", Australian Journal of Environmental Education 20.1, pp 3-11. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0814062600002251
Altman, J., Buchanan, G., and Larsen,L. (2007) The environmental significance of the Indigenous estate: natural resource management as economic development in remote Australia, CEAPR Discussion Paper No 286/2007, Centre for Aboriginal Economic Development, ANU, Canberra.
Altman, J and Whitehead, B. (2003) Caring for country and sustainable Indigenous development: opportunities, constraints and innovation, Centre for Aboriginal Economic Policy Development, ANU, Canberra.
Anderson, K., and F. Gale (1999) "Introduction", In Cultural Geographies, edited by K. Anderson and F. Gale, Melbourne: Longman.
Australian Heritage Commission (1998) Wilderness, We Call it Home (pamphlet), Australian Heritage Commission, Canberra.
Baird, W., and R. Lenehan (2001) An update on the process in NSW leading to joint management of Aboriginal owned land and the register of Aboriginal owners, Paper read at Native Title Representative Bodies Legal Conference, 28-30 August 2001, at Townsville.
Bauman, T., and Smyth, D. (2007) Indigenous Partnerships in Protected Area Management in Australia: Three Case Studies, AIATSIS, Canberra.
Bayet-Charlton, F. (2003) "Overturning the doctrine: Indigenous peoples and wilderness – being Aboriginal in the environment movement", in Blacklines: Contemporary Critical Writing by Indigenous Australians, edited by M. Grossman, Melbourne University Press, Carlton, Victoria pp 171-80.
Beltrán, J. (2000) ed. Indigenous and Traditional Peoples and Protected Areas: Principles, Guidelines and Case Studies, IUCN, Gland Switzerland and Cambridge, UK and WWF International, Gland, Switzerland.
Berkes, F. and C. Folke (1998) "Linking social and ecological systems for resilience and Sustainability", In Linking Social and Ecological Systems: management practices and social mechanisms for building resilience, edited by Fikret Berkes, Carl Folke, Johan Colding, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 1-26.
Bowman, D., Price, O., Whitehead, P. J., and Walsh, A. (2001) "The 'wilderness effect' and the decline of Callitris intratropica on the Arnhem Land Plateau, northern Australia", Australian Journal of Botany 49(5) 665 – 672. https://doi.org/10.1071/BT00087
Byrne, D., (2001) Landscapes of segregation, Paper read at The Power of Knowledge, the Resonance of Tradition - Indigenous Studies, September 2001, at Australian National University.
Byrne, D., and Nugent, M. (2004) Mapping Attachment: a spatial approach to Aboriginal post-contact heritage, Department of Environment and Heritage (NSW), Sydney.
Cavanagh, V. (2007) The NSW Threatened Species Conservation Act in the Bundjalung Aboriginal Nation, unpublished BSc Honours thesis, University of Wollongong.
Callicott, J.B. and Nelson, M. (1998) The Great New Wilderness Debate, University of Georgia Press, Athens, Georgia.
Cronon, W. (ed.) (1995) Uncommon Ground: Toward Reinventing Nature, New York: W.W.Norton.
DEC (2006) NSW Department of Environment and Conservation Annual Report 2005-2006, NSW Department of Environment and Conservation, Sydney.
English, A. (2002) The Sea and the Rocks Give Us a Feed. Mapping and Managing Gumbaingirr Wild Resource Use Places, North Coast NSW, Sydney: National Parks and Wildlife Service.
English, A., and C. Brown (2000) It's A Part of Us: Aboriginal People's Perspectives on the Cultural Values of Biodiversity in New South Wales, Sydney: National Parks and Wildlife Service.
Feary, S. (2001) "Moving towards joint management in New South Wales: a Jervis Bay case study", in Working On Country: Contemporary Indigenous Management of Australia's Lands and Coastal Regions, edited by R. Baker, J. Davies and E. Young, South Melbourne: Oxford University Press, pp 276-292.
Figgis, P. (1999) Australia's National Parks and Protected Areas: Future Directions, Sydney: Australian Committee for IUCN.
Figgis, P. (2004) Conservation on private lands: the Australian experience, IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK.
Foster, D. (1997) Gurig National Park: the first ten years of joint management, Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies Report Series, Canberra.
Gilligan, B. (2006) The Indigenous Protected Areas Programme 2006 Evaluation, Department of the Environment and Heritage, Canberra.
Grove, R.H. (1992) "Origins of Western Environmentalism", Scientific American July: pp 22-27. https://doi.org/10.1038/scientificamerican0792-42
Grove, R. H. (1995) Green Imperialism, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Hardy, A. M. (ed.) (2001) Terrestrial Protected Areas in Australia: 2000 summary statistics from the Collaborative Protected Areas Database (CAPAD), Canberra: Environment Australia.
Harrison, R. (2004) Shared Landscapes: Archaeologies of attachment and the pastoral industry in New South Wales, University of New South Wales Press, Sydney.
Hill, R. (2004) Global trends in protected areas: a report on the Fifth World Parks Congress, Research Centre for Tropical Rainforest Ecology and Management. Rainforest CRC, Cairns. (60 pp). Unpublished report. December 2004.
Johnston, R., and D. Yarrow (1999) A proposal for an Indigenous Conservation Estate, Brisbane: Queensland Indigenous Working Group.
Landsberg, J., C. James, S. Morton, T. Hobbs, J. Stoll, A. Drew, and H. Tongway (1997) The effects of artificial sources of water on rangeland biodiversity, Canberra: Environment Australia.
Langton, M. (1996) "Art, wilderness and terra nullius", In Ecopolitix IX: Perspectives on Indigenous Peoples Management of Environment Resources, Darwin: Northern Land Council, pp 11-24.
Langton, M. (1998) Burning Questions: Emerging Environmental Issues for Indigenous peoples in Northern Australia, CINCRM, Darwin.
Langton, M., Rhea, Z.M., and Palmer, L. (2005) "Community-oriented protected areas for Indigenous peoples and local communities", Journal of Political Ecology, 12, pp 23-50.
Lawton, J. (1997) "The science and non-science of conservation biology", Oikos 79 (1): pp 3-5. https://doi.org/10.2307/3546084
Lowe, D., and J. Davies (2001) "Bundarwa, Berri-werri, and the bay: traditional rights and bureaucratic boundaries", in Working On Country: Contemporary Indigenous Management of Australia's Lands and Coastal Regions, edited by R. Baker, J. Davies and E. Young, South Melbourne: Oxford University Press, pp 257-275.
Mantziaris, C., and D. Martin (2000) Native Title Corporations: a Legal and Anthropological Analysis, Leichhardt, NSW: Federation Press.
Muir, K (2005) Action towards wilderness protection in Australia, Colong Foundation for Wilderness, http://www.colongwilderness.org.au/CelebratingWilderness/CW_TheBook/KMuir.pdf
Murphy, B., and Bowman, D. (2006) "The interdependence of fire, grass, kangaroos and Australian Aborigines: a case study from central Arnhem Land, northern Australia", Journal of Biogeography, 34, pp. 237-250. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2699.2006.01591.x
Nash, R. (2003) Wilderness and the American Mind, New Haven: Yale University Press.
Noss, R., and A. Cooperrider (1994) Saving Nature's Legacy, Washington: Island Press.
Pearson, N. (1997) "The concept of native title at common law", In Our Land is Our Life, edited by G. Yunupingu, Brisbane: University of Queensland Press, pp 150-162.
Pollack, D. P. (2001) Indigenous land in Australia: a quantitative assessment of outcomes from legislation and programs, CAEPR Discussion Paper No.222, Canberra: Australian National University.
Rose, Bruce (1995) Land management issues: attitudes and perceptions amongst Aboriginal people of central Australia, Alice Springs: Central Land Council.
Rose, D. B. (2001) Connecting with ecological futures, Position paper prepared for the National Humanities and Social Sciences Summit 26-27 July 2001.
Rose, D.B., D'Amico, S., Daiyi, N., Deveraux, K., Daiyi, M., Ford, L., and Bright, A., (2002) Country of the Heart: An Indigenous Australian Homeland, Aboriginal Studies Press, Canberra.
Salmond, A. (1997) Between Worlds, Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press.
SCRGSP (Steering Committee for the Review of Government Service Provision) (2007) Overcoming Indigenous Disadvantage: Key Indicators 2007, Productivity Commission, Canberra.
Smyth, D. (2007) "Future opportunities for protected areas", paper presented to the AIATSIS Conference, Forty Years On: Political transformation and sustainability since the Referendum and into the future', Canberra, November 2007.
Smyth, D. (2001) Joint management of national parks, In Working On Country: Contemporary Indigenous Management of Australia's Lands and Coastal Regions, edited by R. Baker, J. Davies and E. Young, South Melbourne: Oxford University Press, pp 75-91.
Smyth, D., and J. Sutherland (1996) Indigenous Protected Areas: conservation partnerships with Indigenous landholders, Canberra: Environment Australia.
Soulé, M., and G. Lease (eds.) (1995) Reinventing Nature? Responses to Postmodern Deconstruction, Washington: Island Press.
Stevens, S. (1997) "The legacy of Yellowstone", in Conservation Through Cultural Survival, edited by S. Stevens, Island Press, Washington, pp. 13-32.
Thackway, R., and I. Cresswell (1995) An Interim Biogeographic Regionalisation for Australia, Canberra: Australian Nature Conservation Agency.
The Wilderness Society and Australian Conservation Foundation (2006) New stewardship scheme needed to recognise and reward Indigenous land managers, Media Release, 30 April 2006, http://www.wilderness.org.au/campaigns/wildcountry/Indigenous/stewardship/
Woenne-Green, S., R. Johnston, R. Sultan, and A. Wallis (1994) Competing Interests: Aboriginal Participation in National Parks and Conservation Reserves in Australia, Melbourne: Australian Conservation Foundation.
Woinarski, J., Mackey, B., Nix, H., and Traill, B. (2007) The Nature of Northern Australia: Natural Values, Ecological Processes and Future Prospects, ANU ePress, Australian National University, Canberra.
Worster, D. (1995) "Nature and the disorder of history", In Reinventing Nature ? Responses to Postmodern Deconstruction, edited by M. Soule and G. Lease, Washington: Island Press.
Yibarbuk, D. (1998) "Introductory Essay", in Burning Questions: Emerging Environmental Issues for Indigenous peoples in Northern Australia, M. Langton, CINCRM, Darwin, pp. 1-6.
Yibarbuk, D. , Whitehead, P. J. , Russell-Smith, J. , Jackson, D. , Godjuwa, C. , Fisher, A. , Cooke, P. , Choquenot, D. & Bowman, D. M. J. S. (2001) "Fire ecology and Aboriginal land management in central Arnhem Land, northern Australia: a tradition of ecosystem management". Journal of Biogeography 28 (3), 325-343. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2699.2001.00555.x
Yunupingu, M. (1994) Yothu Yindi: Finding Balance, Race & Class 35 (4) pp. 113-120. https://doi.org/10.1177/030639689403500412
Adams, M. (2004) "Negotiating nature: collaboration and conflict between Aboriginal and conservation interests in New South Wales, Australia", Australian Journal of Environmental Education 20.1, pp 3-11. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0814062600002251
Altman, J., Buchanan, G., and Larsen,L. (2007) The environmental significance of the Indigenous estate: natural resource management as economic development in remote Australia, CEAPR Discussion Paper No 286/2007, Centre for Aboriginal Economic Development, ANU, Canberra.
Altman, J and Whitehead, B. (2003) Caring for country and sustainable Indigenous development: opportunities, constraints and innovation, Centre for Aboriginal Economic Policy Development, ANU, Canberra.
Anderson, K., and F. Gale (1999) "Introduction", In Cultural Geographies, edited by K. Anderson and F. Gale, Melbourne: Longman.
Australian Heritage Commission (1998) Wilderness, We Call it Home (pamphlet), Australian Heritage Commission, Canberra.
Baird, W., and R. Lenehan (2001) An update on the process in NSW leading to joint management of Aboriginal owned land and the register of Aboriginal owners, Paper read at Native Title Representative Bodies Legal Conference, 28-30 August 2001, at Townsville.
Bauman, T., and Smyth, D. (2007) Indigenous Partnerships in Protected Area Management in Australia: Three Case Studies, AIATSIS, Canberra.
Bayet-Charlton, F. (2003) "Overturning the doctrine: Indigenous peoples and wilderness – being Aboriginal in the environment movement", in Blacklines: Contemporary Critical Writing by Indigenous Australians, edited by M. Grossman, Melbourne University Press, Carlton, Victoria pp 171-80.
Beltrán, J. (2000) ed. Indigenous and Traditional Peoples and Protected Areas: Principles, Guidelines and Case Studies, IUCN, Gland Switzerland and Cambridge, UK and WWF International, Gland, Switzerland.
Berkes, F. and C. Folke (1998) "Linking social and ecological systems for resilience and Sustainability", In Linking Social and Ecological Systems: management practices and social mechanisms for building resilience, edited by Fikret Berkes, Carl Folke, Johan Colding, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 1-26.
Bowman, D., Price, O., Whitehead, P. J., and Walsh, A. (2001) "The 'wilderness effect' and the decline of Callitris intratropica on the Arnhem Land Plateau, northern Australia", Australian Journal of Botany 49(5) 665 – 672. https://doi.org/10.1071/BT00087
Byrne, D., (2001) Landscapes of segregation, Paper read at The Power of Knowledge, the Resonance of Tradition - Indigenous Studies, September 2001, at Australian National University.
Byrne, D., and Nugent, M. (2004) Mapping Attachment: a spatial approach to Aboriginal post-contact heritage, Department of Environment and Heritage (NSW), Sydney.
Cavanagh, V. (2007) The NSW Threatened Species Conservation Act in the Bundjalung Aboriginal Nation, unpublished BSc Honours thesis, University of Wollongong.
Callicott, J.B. and Nelson, M. (1998) The Great New Wilderness Debate, University of Georgia Press, Athens, Georgia.
Cronon, W. (ed.) (1995) Uncommon Ground: Toward Reinventing Nature, New York: W.W.Norton.
DEC (2006) NSW Department of Environment and Conservation Annual Report 2005-2006, NSW Department of Environment and Conservation, Sydney.
English, A. (2002) The Sea and the Rocks Give Us a Feed. Mapping and Managing Gumbaingirr Wild Resource Use Places, North Coast NSW, Sydney: National Parks and Wildlife Service.
English, A., and C. Brown (2000) It's A Part of Us: Aboriginal People's Perspectives on the Cultural Values of Biodiversity in New South Wales, Sydney: National Parks and Wildlife Service.
Feary, S. (2001) "Moving towards joint management in New South Wales: a Jervis Bay case study", in Working On Country: Contemporary Indigenous Management of Australia's Lands and Coastal Regions, edited by R. Baker, J. Davies and E. Young, South Melbourne: Oxford University Press, pp 276-292.
Figgis, P. (1999) Australia's National Parks and Protected Areas: Future Directions, Sydney: Australian Committee for IUCN.
Figgis, P. (2004) Conservation on private lands: the Australian experience, IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK.
Foster, D. (1997) Gurig National Park: the first ten years of joint management, Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies Report Series, Canberra.
Gilligan, B. (2006) The Indigenous Protected Areas Programme 2006 Evaluation, Department of the Environment and Heritage, Canberra.
Grove, R.H. (1992) "Origins of Western Environmentalism", Scientific American July: pp 22-27. https://doi.org/10.1038/scientificamerican0792-42
Grove, R. H. (1995) Green Imperialism, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Hardy, A. M. (ed.) (2001) Terrestrial Protected Areas in Australia: 2000 summary statistics from the Collaborative Protected Areas Database (CAPAD), Canberra: Environment Australia.
Harrison, R. (2004) Shared Landscapes: Archaeologies of attachment and the pastoral industry in New South Wales, University of New South Wales Press, Sydney.
Hill, R. (2004) Global trends in protected areas: a report on the Fifth World Parks Congress, Research Centre for Tropical Rainforest Ecology and Management. Rainforest CRC, Cairns. (60 pp). Unpublished report. December 2004.
Johnston, R., and D. Yarrow (1999) A proposal for an Indigenous Conservation Estate, Brisbane: Queensland Indigenous Working Group.
Landsberg, J., C. James, S. Morton, T. Hobbs, J. Stoll, A. Drew, and H. Tongway (1997) The effects of artificial sources of water on rangeland biodiversity, Canberra: Environment Australia.
Langton, M. (1996) "Art, wilderness and terra nullius", In Ecopolitix IX: Perspectives on Indigenous Peoples Management of Environment Resources, Darwin: Northern Land Council, pp 11-24.
Langton, M. (1998) Burning Questions: Emerging Environmental Issues for Indigenous peoples in Northern Australia, CINCRM, Darwin.
Langton, M., Rhea, Z.M., and Palmer, L. (2005) "Community-oriented protected areas for Indigenous peoples and local communities", Journal of Political Ecology, 12, pp 23-50.
Lawton, J. (1997) "The science and non-science of conservation biology", Oikos 79 (1): pp 3-5. https://doi.org/10.2307/3546084
Lowe, D., and J. Davies (2001) "Bundarwa, Berri-werri, and the bay: traditional rights and bureaucratic boundaries", in Working On Country: Contemporary Indigenous Management of Australia's Lands and Coastal Regions, edited by R. Baker, J. Davies and E. Young, South Melbourne: Oxford University Press, pp 257-275.
Mantziaris, C., and D. Martin (2000) Native Title Corporations: a Legal and Anthropological Analysis, Leichhardt, NSW: Federation Press.
Muir, K (2005) Action towards wilderness protection in Australia, Colong Foundation for Wilderness, http://www.colongwilderness.org.au/CelebratingWilderness/CW_TheBook/KMuir.pdf
Murphy, B., and Bowman, D. (2006) "The interdependence of fire, grass, kangaroos and Australian Aborigines: a case study from central Arnhem Land, northern Australia", Journal of Biogeography, 34, pp. 237-250. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2699.2006.01591.x
Nash, R. (2003) Wilderness and the American Mind, New Haven: Yale University Press.
Noss, R., and A. Cooperrider (1994) Saving Nature's Legacy, Washington: Island Press.
Pearson, N. (1997) "The concept of native title at common law", In Our Land is Our Life, edited by G. Yunupingu, Brisbane: University of Queensland Press, pp 150-162.
Pollack, D. P. (2001) Indigenous land in Australia: a quantitative assessment of outcomes from legislation and programs, CAEPR Discussion Paper No.222, Canberra: Australian National University.
Rose, Bruce (1995) Land management issues: attitudes and perceptions amongst Aboriginal people of central Australia, Alice Springs: Central Land Council.
Rose, D. B. (2001) Connecting with ecological futures, Position paper prepared for the National Humanities and Social Sciences Summit 26-27 July 2001.
Rose, D.B., D'Amico, S., Daiyi, N., Deveraux, K., Daiyi, M., Ford, L., and Bright, A., (2002) Country of the Heart: An Indigenous Australian Homeland, Aboriginal Studies Press, Canberra.
Salmond, A. (1997) Between Worlds, Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press.
SCRGSP (Steering Committee for the Review of Government Service Provision) (2007) Overcoming Indigenous Disadvantage: Key Indicators 2007, Productivity Commission, Canberra.
Smyth, D. (2007) "Future opportunities for protected areas", paper presented to the AIATSIS Conference, Forty Years On: Political transformation and sustainability since the Referendum and into the future', Canberra, November 2007.
Smyth, D. (2001) Joint management of national parks, In Working On Country: Contemporary Indigenous Management of Australia's Lands and Coastal Regions, edited by R. Baker, J. Davies and E. Young, South Melbourne: Oxford University Press, pp 75-91.
Smyth, D., and J. Sutherland (1996) Indigenous Protected Areas: conservation partnerships with Indigenous landholders, Canberra: Environment Australia.
Soulé, M., and G. Lease (eds.) (1995) Reinventing Nature? Responses to Postmodern Deconstruction, Washington: Island Press.
Stevens, S. (1997) "The legacy of Yellowstone", in Conservation Through Cultural Survival, edited by S. Stevens, Island Press, Washington, pp. 13-32.
Thackway, R., and I. Cresswell (1995) An Interim Biogeographic Regionalisation for Australia, Canberra: Australian Nature Conservation Agency.
The Wilderness Society and Australian Conservation Foundation (2006) New stewardship scheme needed to recognise and reward Indigenous land managers, Media Release, 30 April 2006, http://www.wilderness.org.au/campaigns/wildcountry/Indigenous/stewardship/
Woenne-Green, S., R. Johnston, R. Sultan, and A. Wallis (1994) Competing Interests: Aboriginal Participation in National Parks and Conservation Reserves in Australia, Melbourne: Australian Conservation Foundation.
Woinarski, J., Mackey, B., Nix, H., and Traill, B. (2007) The Nature of Northern Australia: Natural Values, Ecological Processes and Future Prospects, ANU ePress, Australian National University, Canberra.
Worster, D. (1995) "Nature and the disorder of history", In Reinventing Nature ? Responses to Postmodern Deconstruction, edited by M. Soule and G. Lease, Washington: Island Press.
Yibarbuk, D. (1998) "Introductory Essay", in Burning Questions: Emerging Environmental Issues for Indigenous peoples in Northern Australia, M. Langton, CINCRM, Darwin, pp. 1-6.
Yibarbuk, D. , Whitehead, P. J. , Russell-Smith, J. , Jackson, D. , Godjuwa, C. , Fisher, A. , Cooke, P. , Choquenot, D. & Bowman, D. M. J. S. (2001) "Fire ecology and Aboriginal land management in central Arnhem Land, northern Australia: a tradition of ecosystem management". Journal of Biogeography 28 (3), 325-343. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2699.2001.00555.x
Yunupingu, M. (1994) Yothu Yindi: Finding Balance, Race & Class 35 (4) pp. 113-120. https://doi.org/10.1177/030639689403500412