Managing the Yellow River: Questions of Borders, Boundaries and Access
Main Article Content
Abstract
The Yellow River basin is the site of myriad water resource problems. The Yellow River has natural geomorphological characteristics that include seasonally variable flow, very high sediment load, and the capacity to flood with devastating effect. However, people have long sought to harness the water of the Yellow River to their own industrial and agricultural ends, so as to attain the things that they value, like good health, economic growth, and employment. Intensive human use of the basin now poses new managerial problems.
The Yellow River’s problems thus now include water scarcity, pollution, and flood risk. In 1997 there were 226 ‘no flow’ days, when the River failed to reach the sea; the dry point started up to 700km inland (Jun 2004). This is not part of the natural flow regime of the Yellow River, which rarely ceased to flow before 1992. The Yellow River is also one of China’s most polluted rivers. While a major breach of the levees has been averted since the People’s Republic was founded in 1949, there is each year significant flooding in the Yellow River basin. The threat of a major levee failure is real and millions of lives and vast sums of capital investment will be lost in such an event, or if one of the many dams along its length fails.
In this paper, we characterise the problems of the Yellow River in order to assess the significance of borders, boundaries and access in understanding the management of water. Events and conditions in particular localities have local causes; and in this sense the bounding of regions is significant. Yet borders and boundaries are permeable, permitting causes also to derive from conditions in neighbouring and distant regions. Furthermore, places have causes at a larger scale, such as the nation, since borders, like the regions they bound, are hierarchical and scaled.
The Yellow River’s problems thus now include water scarcity, pollution, and flood risk. In 1997 there were 226 ‘no flow’ days, when the River failed to reach the sea; the dry point started up to 700km inland (Jun 2004). This is not part of the natural flow regime of the Yellow River, which rarely ceased to flow before 1992. The Yellow River is also one of China’s most polluted rivers. While a major breach of the levees has been averted since the People’s Republic was founded in 1949, there is each year significant flooding in the Yellow River basin. The threat of a major levee failure is real and millions of lives and vast sums of capital investment will be lost in such an event, or if one of the many dams along its length fails.
In this paper, we characterise the problems of the Yellow River in order to assess the significance of borders, boundaries and access in understanding the management of water. Events and conditions in particular localities have local causes; and in this sense the bounding of regions is significant. Yet borders and boundaries are permeable, permitting causes also to derive from conditions in neighbouring and distant regions. Furthermore, places have causes at a larger scale, such as the nation, since borders, like the regions they bound, are hierarchical and scaled.
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References
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Li, S. & Finlayson, B. (1993) "Flood Management on the Lower Yellow River: Hydrological and Geomorphological Perspectives", Sedimentary Geology 85(1-4): 285-288. https://doi.org/10.1016/0037-0738(93)90089-N
Liu, C. & Xia, J. (2004) "Water problems and hydrological research in the Yellow River and the Huai and Hai River basins of China" Hydrological Processes 18(12): 2197-2210. https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.5524
Lohmar, B., Wang, J., Rozelle, S., Huang J & Dawe, D. (2003) China's Agricultural Water Policy Reforms. Washington: United States Department of Agriculture.
Mei, C. & Dregne, H. (2001) "Review Article: Silt and The Future Development of China's Yellow River", The Geographical Journal 167: 7-22. https://doi.org/10.1111/1475-4959.00002
Mei, X. (1999) "Water Shortage and Food Production in China: Issues, Potential, and Solutions". Paper Presented at the US-China Water Resources Management Workshop April 18-22 Tuscon Arizona.
Muldavin, J. (1998) "Agrarian Change in Contemporary Rural China", in I. Szelenyi (ed.) Privatizing the Land. Rural Political Economy in Post-Communist Societies. London: Routledge.
Muldavin, J. (2000) "The Paradoxes of Environmental Policy and Resource Management in Reform-Era China", Economic Geography 76(3):244-71. https://doi.org/10.2307/144292
Nyberg, A. & Rozelle, S. (1999) Accelerating China's Rural Transformation. Washington: The World Bank. https://doi.org/10.1596/0-8213-4576-1
Oi, J. (1999) Rural China Takes Off. Berkeley: University Of California Press.
Ostrom, E. (2001) "Vulnerability and polycentric governance systems", IHDP Update 3/01: 1-4.
Panagariya, A. (1993) "Unraveling the Mysteries of China's Foreign Trade Regime", World Economy 16(1): 51-68. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9701.1993.tb00655.x
Pereira, L., Cai, L, & Hann M (2003) "Farm Water and Soil Management for Improved Water Use in the North China Plain", Irrigation and Drainage 52(4):299-317. https://doi.org/10.1002/ird.98
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Shu, G., Zhou, Y., Zhang, M. & Smallwood, K. (2001) "A sustainable agro-ecological solution to water shortage in the North China Plain (Huabei Plain)", Journal of Envrionmental Planning and Management 44(3):345-55. https://doi.org/10.1080/09640560120046106
Tian, W. & Chudleigh, J. (1999) "China's Feed Grain Market: Development and Prospects", Agribusiness 15(3): 393-409. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1520-6297(199922)15:3<393::AID-AGR7>3.0.CO;2-E
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Varis, O. & Vakkilainen, P. (2001) "China's 8 Challenges to Water Resource Management in the First Quarter of the 21st Century", Geomorphology 41(2-3):93-104. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-555X(01)00107-6
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Wang, X. & Ongley, E. (2004) "Transjurisdictional water pollution disputes and measures of Resolution: Examples from the Yellow River Basin, China", Water International, 29(3): 282–289. https://doi.org/10.1080/02508060408691782
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WTO (World Trade Organisation) (2003) International Trade Statistics 2003. Geneva: WTO.
Wu, B. & Pretty, J. (2004) "Social Connectedness in Marginal Rural China: The Case of Farmer Innovation Circles in Zhidan, North Shaanxi", Agriculture and Human Values 21: 81-92. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:AHUM.0000014025.47576.72
Xu, C. (1995) A Different Transition Path. New York: Graland.
Yang, H. & Zehnder, A. (2001) "China's Regional Water Scarcity and Implications for Grain Supply and Trade" Environment and Planning A 33(1):79-95. https://doi.org/10.1068/a3352
Yang, H., Zhang, X. & Zehnder, A. (2003) "Water Scarcity, Pricing Mechanisms and Institutional Reform in Northern China Irrigated Agriculture", Agricultural Water Management 61(2): 143-61. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-3774(02)00164-6
YRCC (Yellow River Conservancy Commission) (2005a) "Development and Utilization of Water Resources".
YRCC (Yellow River Conservancy Commission) (2005b) Proceedings of the Second International Yellow River Forum on Keeping Healthy Life of the River Zhengzhou: YRCC.
Zhang, H., Wang, X., You, M. & Liu, C. (1999) "Water – yield relations and water-use efficiency of winter wheat in the North China Plain", Irrigation Science 19: 37–45. https://doi.org/10.1007/s002710050069
Zhen, L. & Routray, J. (2002) "Groundwater Resource Use Practices and Implications for Sustainable Agricultural Development in the North China Plain: A Case Study in Ningjin County of Shandong Province, PR China", Water Resources Development 18: 581-93. https://doi.org/10.1080/0790062022000017419
Bezlova, A. (2004) "Water woes threaten to dry out north", Inter Press Service English News Wire, June 10. At Three Gorges Probe,
Blaikie, P. (1985) The Political Economy of Soil Erosion in Developing Countries. London: Longman.
Cai, X. & Rosengrant, M. (2004) "Optional Water Development Strategies for The Yellow River Basin: Balancing Agricultural and Ecological Water Demands", Water Resources Research 40(8): Art No W08S04. https://doi.org/10.1029/2003WR002488
Carter, C.A., Zhong, F.N. & Cai, F. (1996) China's Ongoing Agricultural Reform. San Francisco: 1990 Institute.
Cassar, A. (2005) Implementing International Environmental Law in Domestic Environmental Management: Wetlands of International Importance in Australia and the People's Republic of China. Ph.D. Thesis, School of Anthropology, Geography and Environmental Studies, The University of Melbourne.
Chen, C., Findlay, C., Watson, A. & Zhang, X. (1994) "Rural Enterprise Growth in a Partially Reformed Chinese Economy", in Findlay C, Watson A & Wu X (Eds) Rural Enterprises in China. New York: St Martin's Press. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-23609-1_2
Dinar, A., Rosegrant, M.W. & Meinzen-Dick, R. (1997) "Water allocation mechanisms – principles and examples", Policy Research Working Paper WPS1779. World Bank Publications.
Dovers, S. & Gullett, W. (1999) "Policy choice for sustainability: marketization, law and institutions", in Bosselmann, K. & Richardson, B. (eds.) Environmental Justice and Market Mechanisms. London: Kluwer Law International.
Dovers, S. (1995) "Information, sustainability and policy", Australian Journal of Environmental Management, 2(3):142-156. https://doi.org/10.1080/14486563.1995.10648325
Economy, E. (2004) The River Runs Black: The Environmental Challenge to China's Future. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
FAOSTAT (2004) Agricultural Data. Food and Agriculture Organization Of The United Nations: Statistical Data. Last Accessed 16/8/2004,
Findlay, C, Watson, A & Wu, X, (eds.) (1994) Rural Enterprises In China. New York: St Martin's Press.
Fiorino, D. (1995) Making Environmental Policy. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.
Folke, C., Pritchard, L., Berkes, F., Colding, J. & Svedin, U. (1998) The Problem of Fit Between Ecosystems and Institutions IHDP Working Paper No: 2 International Human Dimensions Programme on Global Environmental Change: Bonn.
Foster, S., Garduno, H., Evans, R., Olson, D. & Tian, Y. (2004) "Quaternary Aquifer of the North China Plain - Assessing and Achieving Groundwater Resource Sustainability" Hydrogeology Journal 12(1): 81-93. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-003-0300-6
Gunderson, L., Holling, C. & Light, S. (eds.) (1995) Barriers and Bridges to the Renewal of Ecosystems and Institutions. New York: Columbia University Press.
Handmer, J. & Dovers, S. (1996) "A typology of resilience: Rethinking institutions for sustainable development", Industrial and Environmental Crisis Quarterly 9(4): 482-511. https://doi.org/10.1177/108602669600900403
Heilig, G. (1999) Can China Feed Itself? Laxenburg Austria: IIASA CD-Rom.
Hu, W. (1997) "Household Land Tenure Reform in China: Its Impact on Farming Land Use and Agroenvironment", Land Use Policy 14(3):175-86. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0264-8377(97)00010-0
Jun, M. (2004) China's Water Crisis. Norwalk: Eastbridge Books.
Kang, S.Z., Zhang, L., Liang, Y.L. & Cai, H.J. (2002) "Effects of limited irrigation on yield and water use efficiency of winter wheat on the Loess Plateau of China", in McVicar, T.R., Li, R., Walker, J., Fitzpatrick, R. & Wand Liu, C.M. (eds.) Regional Water and Soil Assessment for Managing Sustainable Agriculture in China and Australia ACIAR Monograph No 84. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-3774(01)00180-9
Krusekopf, C. (2002) "Diversity in Land-Tenure Arrangements under the Household Responsibility System in China", China Economic Review 13(2-3): 297-312. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1043-951X(02)00071-8
Li, S. & Finlayson, B. (1993) "Flood Management on the Lower Yellow River: Hydrological and Geomorphological Perspectives", Sedimentary Geology 85(1-4): 285-288. https://doi.org/10.1016/0037-0738(93)90089-N
Liu, C. & Xia, J. (2004) "Water problems and hydrological research in the Yellow River and the Huai and Hai River basins of China" Hydrological Processes 18(12): 2197-2210. https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.5524
Lohmar, B., Wang, J., Rozelle, S., Huang J & Dawe, D. (2003) China's Agricultural Water Policy Reforms. Washington: United States Department of Agriculture.
Mei, C. & Dregne, H. (2001) "Review Article: Silt and The Future Development of China's Yellow River", The Geographical Journal 167: 7-22. https://doi.org/10.1111/1475-4959.00002
Mei, X. (1999) "Water Shortage and Food Production in China: Issues, Potential, and Solutions". Paper Presented at the US-China Water Resources Management Workshop April 18-22 Tuscon Arizona.
Muldavin, J. (1998) "Agrarian Change in Contemporary Rural China", in I. Szelenyi (ed.) Privatizing the Land. Rural Political Economy in Post-Communist Societies. London: Routledge.
Muldavin, J. (2000) "The Paradoxes of Environmental Policy and Resource Management in Reform-Era China", Economic Geography 76(3):244-71. https://doi.org/10.2307/144292
Nyberg, A. & Rozelle, S. (1999) Accelerating China's Rural Transformation. Washington: The World Bank. https://doi.org/10.1596/0-8213-4576-1
Oi, J. (1999) Rural China Takes Off. Berkeley: University Of California Press.
Ostrom, E. (2001) "Vulnerability and polycentric governance systems", IHDP Update 3/01: 1-4.
Panagariya, A. (1993) "Unraveling the Mysteries of China's Foreign Trade Regime", World Economy 16(1): 51-68. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9701.1993.tb00655.x
Pereira, L., Cai, L, & Hann M (2003) "Farm Water and Soil Management for Improved Water Use in the North China Plain", Irrigation and Drainage 52(4):299-317. https://doi.org/10.1002/ird.98
Pomfret, R. (1996) Asian Economies in Transition: Reforming Centrally Planned Economies. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.
SEPA (State Environmental Protection Administration) (2002) Report on the State of the Environment in China 2002. Beijing: Environmental Information Centre (SEPA).
Shu, G., Zhou, Y., Zhang, M. & Smallwood, K. (2001) "A sustainable agro-ecological solution to water shortage in the North China Plain (Huabei Plain)", Journal of Envrionmental Planning and Management 44(3):345-55. https://doi.org/10.1080/09640560120046106
Tian, W. & Chudleigh, J. (1999) "China's Feed Grain Market: Development and Prospects", Agribusiness 15(3): 393-409. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1520-6297(199922)15:3<393::AID-AGR7>3.0.CO;2-E
UNDP (United Nations Development Program) (2002) China Human Development Report 2002: Making Green Development a Choice. New York: Oxford University Press.
UNDP (United Nationals Development Program) (2004) Human Development Report 2004. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Varis, O. & Vakkilainen, P. (2001) "China's 8 Challenges to Water Resource Management in the First Quarter of the 21st Century", Geomorphology 41(2-3):93-104. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-555X(01)00107-6
Vermeer, E. (1998) "Industrial Pollution in China and Remedial Policies" The China Quarterly 156 (Special Issue): 952-985. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0305741000051419
Wang, M., Webber, M. & Zhu, Y. (2002a) "Managed Openness: Opening China's Door" in Webber, M., Wang, M. & Zhu, Y. (eds.) China's Transition to a Global Economy. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781403918604_2
Wang, M., Webber, M. & Zhu, Y. (2002b) "China's Puzzle Game: Four Spatial Shifts of Development" in: Webber, M., Wang, M. & Zhu, Y. (eds.) China's Transition to a Global Economy. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781403918604_6
Wang, X. & Ongley, E. (2004) "Transjurisdictional water pollution disputes and measures of Resolution: Examples from the Yellow River Basin, China", Water International, 29(3): 282–289. https://doi.org/10.1080/02508060408691782
Wang, Y. (2003) "Water dispute in the Yellow River basin: challenges to a centralized system" China Environment Series 6: 94-98.
Watson, A., Findlay, C. & Chen, C. (1996) "The Growth of Rural Industry: The Impact of Fiscal Contracting", in Garnaut, R., Guo, S. & Ma, G. (eds.) The Third Revolution in the Chinese Countryside. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press:
Webber, M., Wang, M. & Zhu, Y (2002a) "Making Markets" in Webber, M., Wang, M. & Zhu, Y. (eds.) China's Transition to a Global Economy. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781403918604_4
Webber, M., Wang, M. & Zhu, Y (2002b) "Knocking on WTO's Door" in Webber, M., Wang, M. & Zhu, Y. (eds.) China's Transition to a Global Economy. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781403918604_1
World Bank (2002) China. Country Water Resources Assistance Strategy. Washington: The World Bank East Asia and Pacific Region.
WTO (World Trade Organisation) (2003) International Trade Statistics 2003. Geneva: WTO.
Wu, B. & Pretty, J. (2004) "Social Connectedness in Marginal Rural China: The Case of Farmer Innovation Circles in Zhidan, North Shaanxi", Agriculture and Human Values 21: 81-92. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:AHUM.0000014025.47576.72
Xu, C. (1995) A Different Transition Path. New York: Graland.
Yang, H. & Zehnder, A. (2001) "China's Regional Water Scarcity and Implications for Grain Supply and Trade" Environment and Planning A 33(1):79-95. https://doi.org/10.1068/a3352
Yang, H., Zhang, X. & Zehnder, A. (2003) "Water Scarcity, Pricing Mechanisms and Institutional Reform in Northern China Irrigated Agriculture", Agricultural Water Management 61(2): 143-61. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-3774(02)00164-6
YRCC (Yellow River Conservancy Commission) (2005a) "Development and Utilization of Water Resources".
YRCC (Yellow River Conservancy Commission) (2005b) Proceedings of the Second International Yellow River Forum on Keeping Healthy Life of the River Zhengzhou: YRCC.
Zhang, H., Wang, X., You, M. & Liu, C. (1999) "Water – yield relations and water-use efficiency of winter wheat in the North China Plain", Irrigation Science 19: 37–45. https://doi.org/10.1007/s002710050069
Zhen, L. & Routray, J. (2002) "Groundwater Resource Use Practices and Implications for Sustainable Agricultural Development in the North China Plain: A Case Study in Ningjin County of Shandong Province, PR China", Water Resources Development 18: 581-93. https://doi.org/10.1080/0790062022000017419