Mirroring Modernity: on consumerism in cosmopolitan Zanzibar
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Keywords:
consumerism, globalization, modernity
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Abstract
This essay develops an image of nineteenth century Zanzibari consumer
sensibilities by demonstrating how goods from and new engagements with distant locales affected the socio-cultural landscape of Zanzibar. The East African port’s particular cosmopolitanism represents one form of social reconstitution stimulated by global integration. It also represents a material vision of global relations that was discounted by nineteenth century theorizations of Western modernity. By focusing on the rise of a new materiality in Zanzibar, I excavate precolonial visions of global relations and cultural assimilations of global symbols. I argue that East African desires for goods produced all over the globe represented not simply a Westernization, Indicization, or Arabization of Zanzibar, but also a reconfiguration of a standardized set of global materials in an attempt to bring Zanzibari cultural forms into conversation with broader global trends.
sensibilities by demonstrating how goods from and new engagements with distant locales affected the socio-cultural landscape of Zanzibar. The East African port’s particular cosmopolitanism represents one form of social reconstitution stimulated by global integration. It also represents a material vision of global relations that was discounted by nineteenth century theorizations of Western modernity. By focusing on the rise of a new materiality in Zanzibar, I excavate precolonial visions of global relations and cultural assimilations of global symbols. I argue that East African desires for goods produced all over the globe represented not simply a Westernization, Indicization, or Arabization of Zanzibar, but also a reconfiguration of a standardized set of global materials in an attempt to bring Zanzibari cultural forms into conversation with broader global trends.
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References
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Baudrillard, Jean (1996) The System of Objects, New York: Verso.
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Bennett, Norman (ed.) (1969) From Zanzibar to Ujiji, The Journal of Arthur W. Dodgshun, 1877-1879, Boston: Boston University.
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Breckenridge, Carol A., Pollock, S., Bhabha, Homi & Chakrabarty, Dipesh (2002) "Cosmopolitanisms", in Carol Breckenridge, S. Pollock, Homi Bhabha & Dipesh Chakrabarty (eds.) Cosmopolitanism, Durham: Duke University Press.
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Devereux, W. Cope. (1869) A Cruise in the "Gorgon"; or Eighteen Months on H.M.S. "Gorgon," Engaged in the Suppression of the Slave Trade on the East Coast of Africa. London: Bell & Daldy.
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Ewald, Janet (2000) "Crossers of the Sea: Slaves, Freedmen, and other Migrants in the Northwestern Indian Ocean, c. 1750-1914", American Historical Review 105 (1): 69-91. https://doi.org/10.2307/2652435
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Glassman, Jonathon (2004) "Slower than a Massacre: The Multiple Sources of Racial Thought in Colonial Africa", American Historical Review, 109 (3): 720-54. https://doi.org/10.1086/530553
Göle, N. (2000) "Snapshots of Islamic Modernities", Public Culture 11 (1): 91-115.
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Baudrillard, Jean (1988) Jean Baudrillard: Selected Writings, (ed.) Mark Poster, Palo Alto: Stanford University Press.
Baudrillard, Jean (1996) The System of Objects, New York: Verso.
Beehler, W. (1885) The Cruise of the Brooklyn, Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott, 1885.
Bennett, Norman (ed.) (1969) From Zanzibar to Ujiji, The Journal of Arthur W. Dodgshun, 1877-1879, Boston: Boston University.
Bourdieu, Pierre (1984) Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgment of Taste, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Breckenridge, Carol A. (ed.) (1995) Consuming Modernity: Public Culture in a South Asian World, Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
Breckenridge, Carol A., Pollock, S., Bhabha, Homi & Chakrabarty, Dipesh (2002) "Cosmopolitanisms", in Carol Breckenridge, S. Pollock, Homi Bhabha & Dipesh Chakrabarty (eds.) Cosmopolitanism, Durham: Duke University Press.
Burton, Richard (1860) The Lake Regions of Central Africa: A Picture Exploration. 2 vols. London: Longman. https://doi.org/10.5479/sil.212652.39088000145755
Burton, Richard (1872) Zanzibar: City, Island, and Coast, Vol. 1, London: Tinsley Brothers. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.77354
Comaroff, John (2002) "Governmentality, Materality, Legality, Modernity," in Jan Georg Deutsch, Peter Probst & Heike Schmidt (eds.) African Modernities, Portsmouth: Heinemann.
Comaroff, John & J. (1997) Of Revelation and Revolution, vol. 2, Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Carson, C. (1994) "The Consumer Revolution in Colonial British America: Why Demand?" in C. Carson et al. (eds.) Of Consuming Interests: The Style of Life in the Eighteenth Century, Charlottesville: University of Virginia.
Charmetant, P. (1882) D'Alger à Zanzibar, Paris: Libr. Tardieu.
Clifford, James (1992) "Traveling Cultures," in Cultural Studies, ed. Lawrence Grossberg, Carrie Nelson, and Paula Treichler, 96–116. New York: Routledge, 114-5.
Clifford, James (1997) Routes: Travel and Translation in the Late Twentieth Century, Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Cooley, William (1852) Inner Africa Laid Open, in an attempt to trace the chief lines of communication across that continent south of the equator, London: Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans. https://doi.org/10.5479/sil.349940.39088005738729
Coombes, A. & Brah, A. (2000) "Introduction: the conundrum of 'mixing'", in A. Coombes & A. Brah (eds.) Hybridity and its Discontents: Politics, Science, Culture, New York: Routledge: 1-16.
Cooper, Frederick & Stoler, Laura (1997) Tensions of Empire: Colonial Cultures in a Bourgeois World, Berkeley: University of California Press. https://doi.org/10.1525/california/9780520205406.001.0001
Cotterill, H. (ed.) (1879) Travels and Researches among the Lakes and Mountains of Eastern & Central Africa. From the Journals of the Late J. Frederic Elton, London: John Murray.
Coupland, Reginald (1939) The Exploitation of East Africa, 1856-1890, London: Faber & Faber.
Deutsch, Jan Georg, Probst, Peter & Schmidt, Heike (2002) "Cherished Visions and Entangled Meanings", in Jan Georg Deutsch, Peter Probst & Heike Schmidt (eds.) African Modernities: Entangled Meanings in Current Debate, Portsmouth: Heinemann.
Devereux, W. Cope. (1869) A Cruise in the "Gorgon"; or Eighteen Months on H.M.S. "Gorgon," Engaged in the Suppression of the Slave Trade on the East Coast of Africa. London: Bell & Daldy.
Dirlik, Arif (1999)"Is there History After Eurocentrism: Globalism, Postcolonialism, and the Disavowal of History", Cultural Critique 42: 1-34. https://doi.org/10.2307/1354590
Dussel, Enrique (1995) The Invention of the Americas: Eclipse of "the Other" and the Myth of Modernity, New York: Continuum.
Dussel, Enrique (1997) The Underside of Modernity, (ed. & trans.) E. Mendieta, New Jersey: Atlantic Highlands.
Eilts, H. (1962)"Ahmad bin Na'aman's Mission to the United States in 1840, The Voyage of Al-Sultanah to New York City", Essex Institute Historical Collections 98 (April July): 218-77.
Erlmann, V. (1999) Music, Modernity, and the Global Imagination: South Africa and the West, New York: Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195123678.001.0001
Ewald, Janet (2000) "Crossers of the Sea: Slaves, Freedmen, and other Migrants in the Northwestern Indian Ocean, c. 1750-1914", American Historical Review 105 (1): 69-91. https://doi.org/10.2307/2652435
Fair, Laura (2001) Pastimes and Politics in Zanzibar: Culture, Community and Identity in Post-Abolition Urban Zanzibar, Athens, OH: Heinemann.
Featherstone, M. et al. (eds.) (1995) Global Modernities, London: Sage.
French-Sheldon, M. (1892) Sultan to Sultan: Adventures among the Masai and other Tribes of East Africa, London: Saxon & Co.
Friedman, Susan (2001) "Definitional Excursions: The Meanings of Modern/Modernity/Modernism", Modernism/Modernity 8 (3): 493-513. https://doi.org/10.1353/mod.2001.0062
Glassman, Jonathon (1991) "The Bondsman's New Clothes: The Contradictory Consciousness of Slave Resistance on the Swahili Coast", Journal of African History 32: 277-312. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021853700025731
Glassman, Jonathon (1995) Feasts and Riot: Revelry, Rebellion, and Popular Consciousness on the Swahili Coast, 1856–1888, Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann.
Glassman, Jonathon (2004) "Slower than a Massacre: The Multiple Sources of Racial Thought in Colonial Africa", American Historical Review, 109 (3): 720-54. https://doi.org/10.1086/530553
Göle, N. (2000) "Snapshots of Islamic Modernities", Public Culture 11 (1): 91-115.
Grant, James (1864) A Walk Across Africa, or Domestic Scenes from My Nile Journey, Edinburgh: William Blackwood & Sons. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.104693
Gray, John M. (1962) History of Zanzibar, from the Middle Ages to 1856, London: Oxford University Press.
Grossberg, Lawrence, Nelson, Cary & Treichler, Paula A. (eds.) (1992) Cultural Studies, New York: Routledge.
Guillain, M. (1856) Documents sur l'histoire, la géographie et le commerce de l'Afrique Orientale, illustrated volume, Paris: Bertrand.
Hall, Stuart (1997) "The West and the Rest: Discourse and Power", in Stuart Hall et al. (eds.) Modernity: An Introduction to Modern Societies, Oxford: Blackwell.
Hall, Stuart & Sarat Maharaj (2001) Modernity and Difference, (ed.) Sarah Campbell & Gilane Tawadros, London: Institute of International Visual Arts.
Hannerz, Ulf (1987) "The World in Creolization", Africa 57: 546-59. https://doi.org/10.2307/1159899
Höhnel, L. von (1894) Discovery of Lakes Rudolf and Stefanie, Vol. 1, London: Longmans, Green & Co.
Humphery, Caroline (1995) "Creating a Culture of Disillusionment: Consumption in Moscow, a chronicle of changing times," in Worlds Apart: Modernity through the prism of the local, (ed.) Daniel Miller, New York: Routledge.
Jacob, Elizabeth & Henry (2000) A Quaker Family in India and Zanzibar, 1863-1865, (ed.) Y. Bird, York: Ebor Press.
Jervis, John (1999) Transgressing the Modern: Explorations in the Western Experience of Otherness, Oxford: Blackwell.
Jiddawi, A. (1951) "Extracts from an Arab Account Book, 1840-1854," Tanganyika Notes and Records 31: 27.
Johnston, Harry, (1886) The Kilima-njaro Expedition. A Record of Scientific Exploration in Eastern Equatorial Africa, London: Kegan Paul, Trench.
Kayamba, M. (1936) "The Story of Martin Kayamba Mdumi, M.B.E. of the Bondei Tribe," in Marjory Perham (ed.) Ten Africans, London: Faber and Faber. 173-99.
Lee, L. (1999) "Shanghai Modern: Reflections on Urban Culture in China in the 1930s", Public Culture 11 (1): 75-108. https://doi.org/10.1215/08992363-11-1-75
Lyne, Robert (1936) An Apostle of Empire, being the Life of Sir Lloyd William Matthews, London: George Allen & Unwin.
McClintock, Anne (1995) Imperial Leather: Race, Gender and Sexuality in the Colonial Conquest, New York: Routledge.
McCracken, Grant (1988) Culture and Consumption, Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
Mitchell, Timothy (ed.) (2000a)Questions of Modernity, Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
Mitchell, Timothy (2000b) "The Stage of Modernity," in Timothy Mitchell (ed.) Questions of Modernity, Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
Osgood, J. (1854) Notes of Travel or Recollections, Salem: George Creamer.
Pickering, Charles (1876) The Races of Man and their Geographical Distribution. London: George Bell and Sons.
Pouwels, Randall (1979) "Islam and Islamic Leadership in the Coastal Communities of Eastern Africa, 1700 to 1914", Ph.D. diss., University of California, Los Angeles: part III.
Pratt, Mary Louise (1992) Imperial Eyes: Travel Writing and Transculturation, New York: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203163672
Richards, T. (1990) The Commodity Culture of Victorian England: Advertising and Spectacle, 1851-1914, Palo Alto: Stanford University Press.
Ropes, Edward (1973) The Zanzibar Letters of Edward D. Ropes, Jr., 1882–1892, (ed.) Norman Bennett, Boston: Boston University Press.
Ross Browne, H. (1846, 1968) Etchings of a Whaling Cruise, reprint, Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press.
Ruete, Emily [Sayyida Salme] (1993) Memoirs of an Arabian Princess, in E. Van Donzel (ed.) An Arabian Princess between Two Worlds: Memoirs, Letters Home, Sequels to the Memoirs, Syrian Customs and Usages, New York: E.J. Brill.
Ruschenberger, W. A. (1839) Voyage Round the World; Including an Embassy to Muscat and Siam, in 1835, 1836, and 1837, Philadelphia, PA: Carey, Lea & Blanchard.
Sabunji, L. (1988) Tanzih al-absar wa-al-afkar fi rihlat Sultan Zanjabar, jama'ahu Zahir ibn Sa'id, Muscat: Wizarat al-Turath al-Qawmi wa-al-Thaqafah.
Said, Edward (1999) Covering Islam, New York: Vantage. Sayyida Salme see Ruete, Emily
Sheriff, Abdul & Jafferji, Javed (1998) Zanzibar Town: an Architectural Exploration, Zanzibar: Gallery Publications.
Siravo, F. (1996) Zanzibar: A Plan for the Historic Stone Town, Zanzibar: The Gallery Publications.
Slater, Don (1997) Consumer Culture and Modernity, Cambridge, UK: Polity Press.
Stanley, Henry M. (1878) Through the Dark Continent, vol. 1, New York: Harper Brothers.
Stanley, Henry M. (1890) In Darkest Africa, London: Sampson Low.
Stearns, Peter (2001) Consumerism in World History: The Global Transformation of Desire, Routledge: New York.
Steere, Edward (1872) "On East African Tribes and Languages," Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland 1: 143-54. https://doi.org/10.2307/2841297
Subrahmanyam, Sanjay (1998) "Hearing Voices: Vignettes of Early Modernity in South Asia, 1400-1750", Daedalus 127 (3): 75-104.
Sykes, Colonel (1853) "Notes on the Possessions of the Imaum of Muskat, on the Climate and Productions of Zanzibar, and on the prospects of African Discovery from Mombas," Journal of the Royal Geographical Society 23 (1853): 107-8. https://doi.org/10.2307/1797952
Thomas, N. (2000) "Technologies of conversion: cloth and Christianity in Polynesia", in A. Coombes & A. Brah (eds.) Hybridity and its Discontents: Politics, Science, Culture, New York: Routledge: 198-215.
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