The Sydney Dance Music Scene and the Global Diffusion of Contemporary Club Culture
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Abstract
The development of contemporary, post-disco dance music and its associated culture, as representative of a (supposedly) underground, radical subculture, has been given extensive consideration within popular music studies. Significantly less attention has been given to the commercial, mainstream manifestations of this music. Furthermore, demonstrating the influence of subculture theory, existing studies of dance culture focus largely on youth-based audience participation, and as such, those who engage with dance music on a professional level have been somewhat overlooked. In an attempt to rectify these imbalances, this paper examines the contemporary commercial dance music scene in Sydney, Australia, incorporating an analytical framework that revolves mainly around the work of DJs and the commercial scene they operate within. Given the increasingly global and corporate nature of the dance music scene, there is a sense that the music and culture are becoming less ‘local’ and more ‘international’, with this global movement affecting the identity and development of local scenes, the understandings and practices of those who are involved with these scenes, and the very definition of a ‘scene’ itself.
The ideas, opinions and interpretations of a selection of local DJs and other music industry practitioners who work in Sydney are central to the paper’s analysis of DJ culture within the city. It is my intention to place the local scene in Sydney into some sort of wider cultural and global context, but at the same time to highlight what aspects of the scene give it a unique local identity. Being a scene that relies quite heavily on overseas dance culture, and indeed places a certain emphasis on the cultural value of overseas music and international DJs, it can be somewhat difficult for local DJs and producers to establish themselves, and thus a certain tension exists between the local and the global.
The ideas, opinions and interpretations of a selection of local DJs and other music industry practitioners who work in Sydney are central to the paper’s analysis of DJ culture within the city. It is my intention to place the local scene in Sydney into some sort of wider cultural and global context, but at the same time to highlight what aspects of the scene give it a unique local identity. Being a scene that relies quite heavily on overseas dance culture, and indeed places a certain emphasis on the cultural value of overseas music and international DJs, it can be somewhat difficult for local DJs and producers to establish themselves, and thus a certain tension exists between the local and the global.
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References
Bennett, A. (2000) Popular Music and Youth Culture: Music, Identity and Place. London: Macmillan.
Bennett, A, and Peterson, R. (eds.) (2004) Music Scenes: Local, Translocal, and Virtual. Nashville: Vanderbilt University Press.
Bidder, S. (2001) Pump Up The Volume: A History of House. London: Channel 4 Books.
Brennan-Horley, C. (2007) "Work and play: Vagaries surrounding contemporary cultural production in Sydney's dance music culture". Media International Australia 123:123-137.
Brewster, Bill, and Broughton, F. (2000) Last Night a DJ Saved My Life: The History of the Disc Jockey. London: Headline.
Brookman, C. (2001) "'Forever Young': Consumption and Evolving Neo-tribes in the Sydney Rave scene". BSc Thesis, Geosciences, University of Sydney, Sydney.
Cohen, S. (1999) "Scenes". In Key Terms in Popular Music and Culture, edited by B. Horner and T. Swiss. Oxford: Blackwell.
Connell, J, and Gibson, C. (2003) Sound Tracks: Popular music, identity and place. London: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203448397
Fairley, J. (2001) The 'local' and 'global' in popular music. In The Cambridge Companion to Pop and Rock, edited by S. Frith, W. Straw and J. Street. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CCOL9780521553698.017
Fikentscher, K. (1991) Supremely clubbed, devastatingly dubbed: Some observations on the nature of mixes on 12-inch dance singles. Tracking: Popular Music Studies 4 (1):9-15. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1533-1598.1991.tb00123.x
Fikentscher, K. (2000) "You Better Work!" Underground Dance Music in New York City. Hanover: University Press of New England.
Frith, S. Straw,W. and Street,J. (eds.) (2001) The Cambridge Companion to Pop and Rock. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Gibson, C. (1997) Subversive Sites: Rave, Empowerment and the Internet 1997 [cited 23/09/2003. Available from]
Gibson, C. (1999) Subversive sites: rave culture, spatial politics and the internet in Sydney, Australia. Area 31 (1): 19-33. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4762.1999.tb00165.x
Gibson, C. (2001) "Appropriating the Means of Production: Dance Music Industries and Contested Digital Space". In Free NRG: Notes from the edge of the dance floor, edited by G. St. John. Altona: Common Ground.
Gibson, C. and Pagan, R. (2003) Rave culture in Sydney, Australia: mapping youth spaces in media discourse 2000 [cited 15/08/2003. Available from http://www.snarl.org/youth/chrispagan2.pdf]
Haslam, D. (1997) DJ Culture. In The Clubcultures Reader, edited by S. Redhead, D. Wynne and J. O'Connor. Oxford: Blackwell.
Haslam, D. (2001) Adventures on the Wheels of Steel: The Rise of the Superstar DJs. London: Fourth Estate.
Hayward, P. (ed.) (1992) From Pop to Punk to Postmodernism: Popular Music and Australian Culture from the 1960s to the 1990s. Sydney: Allen & Unwin.
Hebdige, D. (1979) Subculture: The Meaning of Style. London: Methuen.
Hesmondhalgh, D. (1996) "Flexibility, post-Fordism and the music industries". Media, Culture and Society 18:469-488. https://doi.org/10.1177/016344396018003006
Hesmondhalgh, D. (1997) The cultural politics of dance music. Soundings 5: 167-178.
Hesmondhalgh, D. (1998) The British dance music industry: a case study of independent cultural production. British Journal of Sociology 49 (2): 234-251. https://doi.org/10.2307/591311
Homan, S. (1997) "Solidarity and sedition". Perfect Beat 3 (3): 90-94.
Homan, S. (1998) "After the law". Perfect Beat 4 (1):5 6-83.
Horner, B. (1999) "Discourse". In Key Terms in Popular Music and Culture, edited by B. Horner and T. Swiss. Oxford: Blackwell.
Kong, L. et al. (2006) "Knowledges of the creative economy: Towards a relational geography of diffusion and adaptation in Asia". Asia Pacific Viewpoint 47 (2):173-194. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8373.2006.00313.x
Langlois, T. (1992) "Can you feel it? DJs and House Music culture in the UK". Popular Music 11 (2): 229-238. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0261143000005031
Luckman, S. (1998) "Rave Cultures and the Academy". Social Alternatives 17 (4):45-49.
Luckman, S. (2000) "Mapping the Regulation of Dance Parties". Journal of Australian Studies (64):217-223. https://doi.org/10.1080/14443050009387574
Luckman, S. (2001a. What are they raving on about? Perfect Beat 5 (2):49-68.
Luckman, S. (2001b) "Practice Random Acts: Reclaiming the Streets of Australia". In Free NRG: Notes from the edge of the dance floor, edited by G. St. John. Altona: Common Ground.
Luckman, S. (2002) "Party People: Mapping Contemporary Dance Music Cultures in Australia". PhD, University of Queensland, Brisbane.
Malbon, B. (1999) Clubbing: Dancing, ecstasy and vitality. London: Routledge.
Marston, S. (2000) The social construction of scale. Progress in Human Geography 24 (2): 219-242. https://doi.org/10.1191/030913200674086272
Mitchell, T. (1998) Australian hip hop as a 'glocal' subculture [cited 21/09/2003. Available from http://www.snarl.org/youth/tonym2.pdf]
Mitchell, T. (ed.) (2002) Global Noise: Rap and Hip-Hop outside the USA. Middletown: Wesleyan University Press.
Murphie, A. and Scheer, E. (1992) "Dance parties: capital, culture and simulation". In From Pop to Punk to Postmodernism, edited by P. Hayward. Sydney: Allen & Unwin.
Park, M. and Northwood, G. (2003). Australian Dance Culture 1996 [cited 05/08/2003. Available from http://www.snarl.org/texts/features/dancecult2.htm]
Poschardt, U. (1998) DJ Culture. London: Quartet Books.
Reynolds, S. (1998) Energy Flash: A Journey through Rave Music and Dance Culture. London: Picador.
Reynolds, S. (1999) Generation Ecstasy: Into the world of techno and rave culture. New York: Routledge.
Rietveld, H. (1998) This Is Our House: House music, cultural spaces and technologies. Aldershot: Ashgate.
Solowij, N. Hall,W. and Lee, N. (1992) "Recreational MDMA use in Sydney: a profile of 'Ecstasy' users and their experiences with the drug". British Journal of Addiction (87):1161-1172. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.1992.tb02003.x
Straw, W. (1991) "Systems of Articulation, Logics of Change: Communities and Scenes in Popular Music". Cultural Studies 5 (3): 368-388. https://doi.org/10.1080/09502389100490311
Straw, W. (2002) "Value and velocity: the 12-inch single as medium and artifact". In Popular Music Studies, edited by D. Hesmondhalgh and K. Negus. London: Arnold.
Thornton, S. (1990) "Strategies for reconstructing the popular past". Popular Music 1 (9):87-95. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0261143000003755
Thornton, S. (1994) "Moral Panic, the Media and British Rave Culture". In Microphone Fiends, edited by A. Ross and T. Rose. London: Routledge.
Thornton, S. (1995) Club Cultures: Music, Media and Subcultural Capital. Cambridge: Polity.
Weber, T. (1999) "Raving in Toronto: Peace, Love, Unity and Respect in Transition". Journal of Youth Studies 2 (3): 317-336. https://doi.org/10.1080/13676261.1999.10593045
Bennett, A, and Peterson, R. (eds.) (2004) Music Scenes: Local, Translocal, and Virtual. Nashville: Vanderbilt University Press.
Bidder, S. (2001) Pump Up The Volume: A History of House. London: Channel 4 Books.
Brennan-Horley, C. (2007) "Work and play: Vagaries surrounding contemporary cultural production in Sydney's dance music culture". Media International Australia 123:123-137.
Brewster, Bill, and Broughton, F. (2000) Last Night a DJ Saved My Life: The History of the Disc Jockey. London: Headline.
Brookman, C. (2001) "'Forever Young': Consumption and Evolving Neo-tribes in the Sydney Rave scene". BSc Thesis, Geosciences, University of Sydney, Sydney.
Cohen, S. (1999) "Scenes". In Key Terms in Popular Music and Culture, edited by B. Horner and T. Swiss. Oxford: Blackwell.
Connell, J, and Gibson, C. (2003) Sound Tracks: Popular music, identity and place. London: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203448397
Fairley, J. (2001) The 'local' and 'global' in popular music. In The Cambridge Companion to Pop and Rock, edited by S. Frith, W. Straw and J. Street. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CCOL9780521553698.017
Fikentscher, K. (1991) Supremely clubbed, devastatingly dubbed: Some observations on the nature of mixes on 12-inch dance singles. Tracking: Popular Music Studies 4 (1):9-15. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1533-1598.1991.tb00123.x
Fikentscher, K. (2000) "You Better Work!" Underground Dance Music in New York City. Hanover: University Press of New England.
Frith, S. Straw,W. and Street,J. (eds.) (2001) The Cambridge Companion to Pop and Rock. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Gibson, C. (1997) Subversive Sites: Rave, Empowerment and the Internet 1997 [cited 23/09/2003. Available from
Gibson, C. (1999) Subversive sites: rave culture, spatial politics and the internet in Sydney, Australia. Area 31 (1): 19-33. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4762.1999.tb00165.x
Gibson, C. (2001) "Appropriating the Means of Production: Dance Music Industries and Contested Digital Space". In Free NRG: Notes from the edge of the dance floor, edited by G. St. John. Altona: Common Ground.
Gibson, C. and Pagan, R. (2003) Rave culture in Sydney, Australia: mapping youth spaces in media discourse 2000 [cited 15/08/2003. Available from http://www.snarl.org/youth/chrispagan2.pdf]
Haslam, D. (1997) DJ Culture. In The Clubcultures Reader, edited by S. Redhead, D. Wynne and J. O'Connor. Oxford: Blackwell.
Haslam, D. (2001) Adventures on the Wheels of Steel: The Rise of the Superstar DJs. London: Fourth Estate.
Hayward, P. (ed.) (1992) From Pop to Punk to Postmodernism: Popular Music and Australian Culture from the 1960s to the 1990s. Sydney: Allen & Unwin.
Hebdige, D. (1979) Subculture: The Meaning of Style. London: Methuen.
Hesmondhalgh, D. (1996) "Flexibility, post-Fordism and the music industries". Media, Culture and Society 18:469-488. https://doi.org/10.1177/016344396018003006
Hesmondhalgh, D. (1997) The cultural politics of dance music. Soundings 5: 167-178.
Hesmondhalgh, D. (1998) The British dance music industry: a case study of independent cultural production. British Journal of Sociology 49 (2): 234-251. https://doi.org/10.2307/591311
Homan, S. (1997) "Solidarity and sedition". Perfect Beat 3 (3): 90-94.
Homan, S. (1998) "After the law". Perfect Beat 4 (1):5 6-83.
Horner, B. (1999) "Discourse". In Key Terms in Popular Music and Culture, edited by B. Horner and T. Swiss. Oxford: Blackwell.
Kong, L. et al. (2006) "Knowledges of the creative economy: Towards a relational geography of diffusion and adaptation in Asia". Asia Pacific Viewpoint 47 (2):173-194. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8373.2006.00313.x
Langlois, T. (1992) "Can you feel it? DJs and House Music culture in the UK". Popular Music 11 (2): 229-238. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0261143000005031
Luckman, S. (1998) "Rave Cultures and the Academy". Social Alternatives 17 (4):45-49.
Luckman, S. (2000) "Mapping the Regulation of Dance Parties". Journal of Australian Studies (64):217-223. https://doi.org/10.1080/14443050009387574
Luckman, S. (2001a. What are they raving on about? Perfect Beat 5 (2):49-68.
Luckman, S. (2001b) "Practice Random Acts: Reclaiming the Streets of Australia". In Free NRG: Notes from the edge of the dance floor, edited by G. St. John. Altona: Common Ground.
Luckman, S. (2002) "Party People: Mapping Contemporary Dance Music Cultures in Australia". PhD, University of Queensland, Brisbane.
Malbon, B. (1999) Clubbing: Dancing, ecstasy and vitality. London: Routledge.
Marston, S. (2000) The social construction of scale. Progress in Human Geography 24 (2): 219-242. https://doi.org/10.1191/030913200674086272
Mitchell, T. (1998) Australian hip hop as a 'glocal' subculture [cited 21/09/2003. Available from http://www.snarl.org/youth/tonym2.pdf]
Mitchell, T. (ed.) (2002) Global Noise: Rap and Hip-Hop outside the USA. Middletown: Wesleyan University Press.
Murphie, A. and Scheer, E. (1992) "Dance parties: capital, culture and simulation". In From Pop to Punk to Postmodernism, edited by P. Hayward. Sydney: Allen & Unwin.
Park, M. and Northwood, G. (2003). Australian Dance Culture 1996 [cited 05/08/2003. Available from http://www.snarl.org/texts/features/dancecult2.htm]
Poschardt, U. (1998) DJ Culture. London: Quartet Books.
Reynolds, S. (1998) Energy Flash: A Journey through Rave Music and Dance Culture. London: Picador.
Reynolds, S. (1999) Generation Ecstasy: Into the world of techno and rave culture. New York: Routledge.
Rietveld, H. (1998) This Is Our House: House music, cultural spaces and technologies. Aldershot: Ashgate.
Solowij, N. Hall,W. and Lee, N. (1992) "Recreational MDMA use in Sydney: a profile of 'Ecstasy' users and their experiences with the drug". British Journal of Addiction (87):1161-1172. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.1992.tb02003.x
Straw, W. (1991) "Systems of Articulation, Logics of Change: Communities and Scenes in Popular Music". Cultural Studies 5 (3): 368-388. https://doi.org/10.1080/09502389100490311
Straw, W. (2002) "Value and velocity: the 12-inch single as medium and artifact". In Popular Music Studies, edited by D. Hesmondhalgh and K. Negus. London: Arnold.
Thornton, S. (1990) "Strategies for reconstructing the popular past". Popular Music 1 (9):87-95. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0261143000003755
Thornton, S. (1994) "Moral Panic, the Media and British Rave Culture". In Microphone Fiends, edited by A. Ross and T. Rose. London: Routledge.
Thornton, S. (1995) Club Cultures: Music, Media and Subcultural Capital. Cambridge: Polity.
Weber, T. (1999) "Raving in Toronto: Peace, Love, Unity and Respect in Transition". Journal of Youth Studies 2 (3): 317-336. https://doi.org/10.1080/13676261.1999.10593045