The Evaluation of Variation Orders on Road Construction Project in Rural Nepal Variation Orders on Road Construction Project

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Published: 2025-12-19
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5130/AJCEB.v25i3/4.9756
Keywords:
Variation Order, Time variation, Causes, Impacts

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Madhav Prasad Koirala
Pokhara University, School of Engineering, Construction Management Programe
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3649-0198
Nabin Thapa
Mid-Western University, Graduate School of Engineering, Birendranagar, Surkhet, Karnali Provence, Nepal
Om Prakash Giri
Formerly: Pokhara University, Faculty of Science and Technology, School of engineering, Pokhara Metropolitan City 30, Gandaki Provence, Nepal
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4799-3129
Raj Kapur Shah
Liverpool John Moores University, R307, Peter Jost Building, Byrom St, Liverpool, L3 3AF UK
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3466-5110

Abstract

Variation orders (VOs) contribute to time and cost overruns in Nepalese road projects and often trigger disputes. This mixed-methods study examined the causes of VOs on rural roads in Karnali Province using a targeted literature review, field observations, document review, case studies of 11 client–contractor–consultant projects (located for geographic spread, contractor size, and presence/absence of consultant oversight), and a closed-ended census survey of industry professionals across the three stakeholder groups. Quantitative analysis used the Relative Importance Index (RII) and descriptive statistics to compare stakeholder perceptions; qualitative evidence from site observations and documents triangulated the results. The findings identified variations in scope of work (additions, omissions, and alterations in employer requirements) as the primary cause (RII clients = 812; RII consultants = 780; RII contractors = 791). Secondary causes vary by stakeholder: clients and contractors rank “change in design and drawings by consultant” highly (RII 0.800), while consultants and contractors emphasize “errors and omissions in design” (RII consultants = 933; RII contractors = 864). Other contributors include inadequate site investigation, adverse site conditions, government intervention, and client-initiated changes. Stakeholders differ on causes but largely agree on effects and mitigation strategies. The study’s originality is its stakeholder‑comparative mixed-methods focus on Karnali rural roads, producing empirically grounded, actionable mitigation measures. Improving scope definition, completing designs, and strengthening early site investigation can substantially reduce VOs. The paper recommends coordinated national research led by academic and professional bodies, in partnership with government and industry, to develop standardized guidance and capacity-building.

Article Details

Issue

Vol. 25 No. 3/4 (2025): Construction Economics and Building

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Articles (Peer reviewed)
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Author Biographies

Nabin Thapa, Mid-Western University, Graduate School of Engineering, Birendranagar, Surkhet, Karnali Provence, Nepal

Nabin Thapa is a dedicated Research Scholar pursuing the Master of Science in Construction Management Program Mid-Western University, Surkhet, Karnali Provence, Nepal. With a passion for construction management and a commitment to academic excellence, Nabin Thapa is driven to contribute to the advancement of the field.
Nabin's educational journey began with a strong foundation in civil engineering, which laid the groundwork for their future specialization in construction management. Currently enrolled in the M.Sc. CM Program, He is focused on gaining in-depth knowledge and expertise in this dynamic discipline.
Throughout their academic career, Nabin has demonstrated a thirst for knowledge and a genuine interest in exploring innovative solutions to challenges in the construction industry. They actively engage in research, staying updated with the latest developments and industry best practices. Roshan's strong analytical skills and attention to detail enable them to critically evaluate construction projects and identify areas for improvement.
As a Research Scholar, Nabin is involved in conducting comprehensive studies, analyzing data, and exploring new methodologies in construction management. They are dedicated to enhancing project outcomes, optimizing resources, and mitigating risks through their research endeavors. Roshan's commitment to rigorous research and their ability to think critically contribute to their effectiveness as a scholar.
In addition to their academic pursuits, Nabin actively participates in academic and professional events, including workshops and seminars, to broaden their understanding and network with industry professionals. By sharing their knowledge and experiences, he aims to foster collaboration and contribute to the growth of the construction management community.
With a strong work ethic, determination, and a genuine passion for construction management, Nabin Thapa is well-positioned to make valuable contributions to the field. Their dedication to continuous learning and research sets them apart as an emerging professional who is poised to have a positive impact on the construction industry in Nepal and beyond.

Om Prakash Giri, Formerly: Pokhara University, Faculty of Science and Technology, School of engineering, Pokhara Metropolitan City 30, Gandaki Provence, Nepal

Dr. Om Prakash Giri is a distinguished professional in the field of construction management and engineering, serving as the Director and Assistant Professor at the School of Engineering, Pokhara University. Dr. Giri has made substantial contributions to academia and the industry through his extensive research, publications, and leadership roles. He has authored over six reference books, providing in-depth knowledge and insights on construction management, safety, and engineering practices. Additionally, he has published more than six indexed journal articles, alongside numerous other papers in reputable journals, underscoring his expertise in project management, supply chain, and business ethics. His research spans topics like safety management, risk assessment, and policy development, with a focus on sustainable and effective construction practices.
Beyond publications, Dr. Giri actively participates in conferences, seminars, and workshops, sharing his insights with peers and contributing as a reviewer for international journals. His dedication to research and knowledge dissemination has positioned him as a respected expert in construction management, known for his commitment to advancing education and promoting sustainable practices in Nepal’s infrastructure sector.

Raj Kapur Shah, Liverpool John Moores University, R307, Peter Jost Building, Byrom St, Liverpool, L3 3AF UK

Dr. Raj Kapur Shah is a seasoned academic and expert in the field of built environment and construction management, currently holding the position of Senior Lecturer in the Department of the Built Environment, Faculty of Technology and Environment. Dr. Shah has contributed significantly to academia and industry through his extensive research, having published over a dozen indexed and non-indexed journal articles that explore topics related to sustainable construction practices, urban infrastructure, and environmental impact assessment. In addition to his research articles, he has authored multiple reference books, which provide critical insights and practical guidance on construction methodologies, environmental planning, and project management for students and professionals in the field.
Dr. Shah is known for his active engagement in scholarly activities, including presenting at international conferences and workshops, where he shares his expertise with a broader audience and collaborates with professionals and academics globally. His commitment to education, research, and sustainable practices in the built environment has earned him a respected reputation, making him a key figure in advancing knowledge and practices within the construction and environmental sectors.

How to Cite

The Evaluation of Variation Orders on Road Construction Project in Rural Nepal: Variation Orders on Road Construction Project. (2025). Construction Economics and Building, 25(3/4). https://doi.org/10.5130/AJCEB.v25i3/4.9756

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