Team Characteristics and Psychological Wellbeing: Implications for Construction Managers
Article Sidebar
Published:
2026-10-07
Keywords:
Social stressors, Teamwork, social support, resources, psychological wellbeing
Main Article Content
Abstract
In teams for construction projects, it is likely that several team characteristics can affect team members’ psychological wellbeing. Using data drawn from team members across diverse industries, a model is proposed to examine interactions and relationships between team size, managers’ and colleagues’ social support, social stressors and cultural diversity amongst team members, and team members’ psychological wellbeing. The aim of this research was to juxtapose our findings with construction teams to provide lessons for construction managers. An online survey was conducted to collect data. A total of 981 usable returns were obtained. Structural equation modelling was used to test hypotheses. The results show that team size is associated with an increase in social stressors. Manager and colleague support are each negatively associated with social stressors, and manager support is positively associated with psychological wellbeing, whilst colleague support is not. Manager support was found to be positively associated with support from colleagues. Social stressors are negatively related to psychological wellbeing, and cultural diversity is not associated with social stressors. The results highlight the importance of providing adequate social support and fostering a supportive work environment. Training programmes for construction workers, including their managers, that emphasise the importance of social support are a valuable strategy. We recommend equipping construction teams and their managers with the necessary skills to achieve this. Our study underscores the vital role of social support from the manager in mitigating the negative impacts of social stressors, thereby promoting psychological wellbeing amongst team members.
Article Details
Section
Articles (Peer reviewed)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
a) Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share and adapt the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
b) Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
c) Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Open Access Citation Advantage Service). Where authors include such a work in an institutional repository or on their website (ie. a copy of a work which has been published in a UTS ePRESS journal, or a pre-print or post-print version of that work), we request that they include a statement that acknowledges the UTS ePRESS publication including the name of the journal, the volume number and a web-link to the journal item.
d) Authors should be aware that the Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY) License permits readers to share (copy and redistribute the work in any medium or format) and adapt (remix, transform, and build upon the work) for any purpose, even commercially, provided they also give appropriate credit to the work, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. They may do these things in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests you or your publisher endorses their use.
How to Cite
Team Characteristics and Psychological Wellbeing: Implications for Construction Managers. (2026). Construction Economics and Building, 26(3/4). https://doi.org/10.5130/wbqaqs26
References
Anderson, N. R. & West, M. A. 1998. Measuring climate for work group innovation: development and validation of the team climate inventory. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 19, 235-258.
Arbuckle, J. 2019. Amos (Version 26.0)[Computer Program] Chicago. IL, USA: IBM SPSS.
Aubé, C., Rousseau, V. & Tremblay, S. 2011. Team size and quality of group experience: The more the merrier? Group Dynamics: Theory, Research, and Practice, 15, 357-375.
Ayub, N. & Jehn, K. 2014. When diversity helps performance: Effects of diversity on conflict and performance in workgroups. International Journal of Conflict Management, 25, 189-212.
Ayub, N. & Jehn, K. A. 2018. Exploring diversity effects: nationality composition and nationality context in workgroups. European journal of work and organizational psychology, 27, 616-628.
Bakker, A. B. & Demerouti, E. 2017. Job demands-resources theory: Taking stock and looking forward. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 22, 273-285.
Bandura, A. 1971. Social learning theory. Morristown, New York, General Learning Press.
Baruch-Feldman, C., Brondolo, E., Ben-Dayan, D. & Schwartz, J. 2002. Sources of social support and burnout, job satisfaction, and productivity. J Occup Health Psychol, 7, 84-93.
Boschman, J., Van Der Molen, H., Sluiter, J. & Frings-Dresen, M. 2013. Psychosocial work environment and mental health among construction workers. Applied ergonomics, 44, 748-755.
Boschman, J. S., Van Der Molen, H. F., Sluiter, J. K. & Frings‐Dresen, M. H. 2011. Occupational demands and health effects for bricklayers and construction supervisors: A systematic review. American journal of industrial medicine, 54, 55-77.
Bowers, C. A., Weaver, J. L. & Morgan, B. B. 2013. Moderating the performance effects of stressors. Stress and human performance. Psychology Press.
Bowling, N. A. & Beehr, T. A. 2006. Workplace harassment from the victim's perspective: a theoretical model and meta-analysis. Journal of applied psychology, 91, 998.
Brown, M. E. & Treviño, L. K. 2013. Do Role Models Matter? An Investigation of Role Modeling as an Antecedent of Perceived Ethical Leadership. Journal of Business Ethics, 122, 587-598.
Bruk-Lee, V. 2006. Measuring social stressors in organizations: The development of the Interpersonal Conflict in Organizations Scale (ICOS). PhD, University of South Florida.
Cheung, C. M. & Zhang, R. P. 2020. How organizational support can cultivate a multilevel safety climate in the construction industry. Journal of Management in Engineering, 36, 04020014.
Chu, P. S., Saucier, D. A. & Hafner, E. 2010. Meta-analysis of the relationships between social support and well-being in children and adolescents. Journal of social and clinical psychology, 29, 624-645.
Demerouti, E., Bakker, A. B., Nachreiner, F. & Schaufeli, W. B. 2001. The job demands-resources model of burnout. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86, 499-512.
Dormann, C. & Zapf, D. 1999. Social support, social stressors at work, and depressive symptoms: testing for main and moderating effects with structural equations in a three-wave longitudinal study. Journal of Applied Psychology, 84, 10.
Dormann, C. & Zapf, D. 2004. Customer-related social stressors and burnout. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 9, 61-82.
Ducki, A. 1998. Arbeits-und organisationspsychologische Gesundheitsanalysen: Entwicklung und Erprobung eines Befragungsinstruments im Rahmen eines Mehr-Ebenen-Ansatzes zur betrieblichen Gesundheitsanalyse [Occupational psychological health analyses. Development and testing of a survey as part of a multilevel analysis]. University of Leipzig.
Eisenberger, N. I., Taylor, S. E., Gable, S. L., Hilmert, C. J. & Lieberman, M. D. 2007. Neural pathways link social support to attenuated neuroendocrine stress responses. Neuroimage, 35, 1601-1612.
Fila, M. J., Purl, J. & Griffeth, R. W. 2017. Job demands, control and support: Meta-analyzing moderator effects of gender, nationality, and occupation. Human Resource Management Review, 27, 39-60.
Froehlich, D. E. & Gegenfurtner, A. 2019. Social support in transitioning from training to the workplace: A social network perspective. Beziehungen in pädagogischen Arbeitsfeldern und ihren Transitionen über die Lebensalter, 208-222.
George, J. M. 1992. Extrinsic and Intrinsic Origins of Perceived Social Loafing in Organizations. The Academy of Management Journal, 35, 191-202.
Gerhardt, C., Semmer, N. K., Sauter, S., Walker, A., De Wijn, N., Kalin, W., Kottwitz, M. U., Kersten, B., Ulrich, B. & Elfering, A. 2021. How are social stressors at work related to well-being and health? A systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Public Health, 21, 890.
Geurts, S. A. & Sonnentag, S. 2006. Recovery as an explanatory mechanism in the relation between acute stress reactions and chronic health impairment. Scandinavian journal of work, environment & health, 482-492.
Glazer, S. 2006. Social support across cultures. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 30, 605-622.
Guidetti, G., Converso, D., Loera, B. & Viotti, S. 2018. Concerns about change and employee wellbeing: the moderating role of social support. Journal of Workplace Learning, 30, 216-228.
Hair, J. F., Gabriel, M. & Patel, V. 2014. AMOS covariance-based structural equation modeling (CB-SEM): Guidelines on its application as a marketing research tool. Brazilian Journal of Marketing, 13.
Hajro, A., Gibson, C. B. & Pudelko, M. 2017. Knowledge exchange processes in multicultural teams: Linking organizational diversity climates to teams’ effectiveness. Academy of Management Journal, 60, 345-372.
Hämmig, O. 2017. Health and well-being at work: The key role of supervisor support. SSM Population Health, 3, 393-402.
Harrison, D. A., Price, K. H., Gavin, J. H. & Florey, A. T. 2002. Time, teams, and task performance: Changing effects of surface-and deep-level diversity on group functioning. Academy of management journal, 45, 1029-1045.
Hassard, J., Teoh, K. R., Visockaite, G., Dewe, P. & Cox, T. 2018. The cost of work-related stress to society: A systematic review. Journal of occupational health psychology, 23, 1.
Helgeson, V. S. 2003. Social support and quality of life. Quality of life research, 12, 25-31.
Hershcovis, M. S. & Barling, J. 2010. Towards a multi-foci approach to workplace aggression: A meta-analytic review of outcomes from different perpetrators. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 31, 24-44.
Hofstede, G. & Hofstede, G. 2005. Cultures and Organizations: Software of the Mind. Third Millennium Edition. McGraw-Hill, New York.
Jansen, A. E. & Searle, B. J. 2021. Diverse effects of team diversity: a review and framework of surface and deep-level diversity. Personnel Review, 50, 1838-1853.
Jehn, K. A. 1995. A multimethod examination of the benefits and detriments of intragroup conflict. Administrative science quarterly, 256-282.
Jenifer, R. D. & Raman, G. 2015. Cross-cultural communication barriers in the workplace. International Journal of Management, 6, 348-351.
Jolly, P. M., Kong, D. T. & Kim, K. Y. 2021. Social support at work: An integrative review. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 42, 229-251.
Kemp, E., Borders, A. L. & Ricks, J. M. 2013. Sales Manager Support: Fostering Emotional Health, Motivation and Customer-orientation in Salespeople.
Kim, H. S., Sherman, D. K. & Taylor, S. E. 2008. Culture and social support. American psychologist, 63, 518.
Koch, A. R. & Binnewies, C. 2015. Setting a good example: Supervisors as work-life-friendly role models within the context of boundary management. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 20, 82-92.
Kotze, M. & Massyn, L. 2019. The influence of employees' cross-cultural psychological capital on workplace psychological well-being. SA Journal of Industrial Psychology, 45, 1-8.
Lansford, J. E., Antonucci, T. C., Akiyama, H. & Takahashi, K. 2005. A quantitative and qualitative approach to social relationships and well-being in the United States and Japan. Journal of Comparative Family Studies, 36, 1-22.
Lattrich, K.-K. & Büttgen, M. 2020. Project leaders’ control resources and role overload as predictors of project success: developing the job demands–resources model. Business Research, 13, 767-788.
Leifels, K. & Bowen, P. 2021. The dark side of teamwork–the relationship between social stressors, social resources and team member well-being in monocultural and multicultural work teams. Cross cultural & strategic management, 28, 867-893.
Lesener, T., Gusy, B. & Wolter, C. 2019. The job demands-resources model: A meta-analytic review of longitudinal studies. Work & Stress, 33, 76-103.
Li, C. R., Lin, C. J., Tien, Y. H. & Chen, C. M. 2017. A multilevel model of team cultural diversity and creativity: The role of climate for inclusion. The Journal of Creative Behavior, 51, 163-179.
Lim, S., Cortina, L. M. & Magley, V. J. 2008. Personal and workgroup incivility: impact on work and health outcomes. J Appl Psychol, 93, 95-107.
Lingard, H. & Turner, M. 2015. Improving the health of male, blue collar construction workers: a social ecological perspective. Construction management and economics, 33, 18-34.
Liu, J., Cui, Z., Feng, Y., Perera, S. & Han, J. 2020. Impact of culture differences on performance of international construction joint ventures: the moderating role of conflict management. Engineering, Construction and Architectural Management, 27, 2353-2377.
Loosemore, M., Phua, F., Dunn, K. & Ozguc, U. 2010. Operatives’ experiences of cultural diversity on Australian construction sites. Construction Management and Economics, 28, 177-188.
Loosemore, M., Phua, F. T., Dunn, K. & Ozguc, U. 2011. The politics of sameness in the Australian construction industry: Comparing operative and manager attitudes towards cultural diversity. Engineering, construction and architectural management, 18, 363-380.
Love, P. E. & Edwards, D. J. 2005. Taking the pulse of UK construction project managers' health: Influence of job demands, job control and social support on psychological wellbeing. Engineering, Construction and Architectural Management, 12, 88-101.
Macdonald, G. 1998. Development of a social support scale: An evaluation of psychometric properties. Research on Social Work Practice, 8, 564-576.
Malik, T. H. & Huo, C. 2023. National cultural moderates the link between work stress and depression: An analysis of clinical trial projects across countries. Cross-Cultural Research, 57, 23-55.
Maqsoom, A., Mughees, A., Khan, A. K. & Arif, M. I. Labor productivity in construction industry: investigating the influence of internal psychosocial stressors. International Conference on Construction and Real Estate Management 2018, 2018. American Society of Civil Engineers Reston, VA, 10-17.
Miller, D. M., Fields, R., Kumar, A. & Ortiz, R. 2000. Leadership and organizational vision in managing a multiethnic and multicultural project team. Journal of Management in Engineering, 16, 18-22.
Mistry, S., Kirkman, B. L., Moore, O. A., Hanna, A. A. & Rapp, T. L. 2023. Too many teams? Examining the impact of multiple team memberships and permanent team identification on employees’ identity strain, cognitive depletion, and turnover. Personnel Psychology, 76, 885-912.
Mueller, J. S. 2012. Why individuals in larger teams perform worse. Organizational behavior and human decision processes, 117, 111-124.
Müller, G. F. 2013. Landauer Organisations- und Teamklima-Inventar (LOTI) [Landauer tools to measure organizational and team climate]. , Landau, Germany, Author´s edition.
Nsw, S. 2021. Code of Practice Managing Psychosocial Hazards at Work.
Radic, A., Arjona-Fuentes, J. M., Ariza-Montes, A., Han, H. & Law, R. 2020. Job demands–job resources (JD-R) model, work engagement, and well-being of cruise ship employees. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 88, 102518.
Rippl, S., Seipel, C., Rippl, S. & Seipel, C. 2015. Ziele und Ablauf kulturvergleichender Studien. Methoden kulturvergleichender Sozialforschung: Eine Einführung, 63-83.
Salas-Vallina, A., Pozo, M. & Fernandez-Guerrero, R. 2020. New times for HRM? Well-being oriented management (WOM), harmonious work passion and innovative work behavior. Employee Relations: The International Journal, 42, 561-581.
Sampson, J. M., Dearmond, S. & Chen, P. Y. 2014. Role of safety stressors and social support on safety performance. Safety Science, 64, 137-145.
Sanyang, B. & Ali, L. 2023. The Power of Cultural Diversity in Project Teams: A Path to Greater Innovation-A qualitative study of how cultural diversity impacts innovation output in project teams.
Shanock, L. R. & Eisenberger, R. 2006. When supervisors feel supported: relationships with subordinates' perceived supervisor support, perceived organizational support, and performance. Journal of Applied psychology, 91, 689.
Simons, T. L. & Peterson, R. S. 2000. Task conflict and relationship conflict in top management teams: the pivotal role of intragroup trust. Journal of applied psychology, 85, 102.
Sonnentag, S. 2003. Recovery, work engagement, and proactive behavior: a new look at the interface between nonwork and work. Journal of applied psychology, 88, 518.
Soucek, R., Voss, A. S., Drexler, H. & Moser, K. 2024. New ways of working and psychological well-being: work intensity as a target variable of job resources. International Journal of Workplace Health Management.
Spss, I. 2020. Statistics for Windows Version, 27.0. In. Armonk, NY: IBM Corp; Released. :.
Stahl, G. K. & Maznevski, M. L. 2021. Unraveling the effects of cultural diversity in teams: A retrospective of research on multicultural work groups and an agenda for future research. J Int Bus Stud, 52, 4-22.
Stansfeld, S. A., Fuhrer, R., Shipley, M. J. & Marmot, M. G. 1999. Work characteristics predict psychiatric disorder: prospective results from the Whitehall II Study. Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 56, 302-7.
Sternthal, M. J., Slopen, N. & Williams, D. R. 2011. Racial disparities in health: how much does stress really matter? 1. Du Bois review: social science research on race, 8, 95-113.
Sun, C., Hon, C. K., Way, K. A., Jimmieson, N. L. & Xia, B. 2022. The relationship between psychosocial hazards and mental health in the construction industry: A meta-analysis. Safety science, 145, 105485.
Taris, T. W. & Schaufeli, W. B. 2015. The job demands‐resources model. The Wiley Blackwell handbook of the psychology of occupational safety and workplace health, 155-180.
Taylor, S. E. 2011. Social support: A review. In: FRIEDMAN, H. S. (ed.) The Oxford handbook of health psychology. Oxford University Press.
Taylor, S. E., Sherman, D. K., Kim, H. S., Jarcho, J., Takagi, K. & Dunagan, M. S. 2004. Culture and social support: Who seeks it and why? Journal of personality and social psychology, 87, 354.
Trajkovski, S. & Loosemore, M. 2006. Safety implications of low-English proficiency among migrant construction site operatives. International Journal of Project Management, 24, 446-452.
Viswesvaran, C., Sanchez, J. I. & Fisher, J. 1999. The role of social support in the process of work stress: A meta-analysis. Journal of vocational behavior, 54, 314-334.
Wacker, R. & Dziobek, I. 2018. Preventing empathic distress and social stressors at work through nonviolent communication training: A field study with health professionals. Journal of occupational health psychology, 23, 141.
Woodhead, E. L., Northrop, L. & Edelstein, B. 2016. Stress, social support, and burnout among long-term care nursing staff. Journal of Applied Gerontology, 35, 84-105.
Wu, D. C., Kim, H. S. & Collins, N. L. 2021. Perceived responsiveness across cultures: The role of cultural fit in social support use. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 15, e12634.
Wu, G., Zhao, X., Zuo, J. & Zillante, G. 2019. Effects of team diversity on project performance in construction projects. Engineering, Construction and Architectural Management, 26, 408-423.
Zhang, S., Sunindijo, R. Y., Frimpong, S. & Su, Z. 2023. Work stressors, coping strategies, and poor mental health in the Chinese construction industry. Safety science, 159, 106039.
Arbuckle, J. 2019. Amos (Version 26.0)[Computer Program] Chicago. IL, USA: IBM SPSS.
Aubé, C., Rousseau, V. & Tremblay, S. 2011. Team size and quality of group experience: The more the merrier? Group Dynamics: Theory, Research, and Practice, 15, 357-375.
Ayub, N. & Jehn, K. 2014. When diversity helps performance: Effects of diversity on conflict and performance in workgroups. International Journal of Conflict Management, 25, 189-212.
Ayub, N. & Jehn, K. A. 2018. Exploring diversity effects: nationality composition and nationality context in workgroups. European journal of work and organizational psychology, 27, 616-628.
Bakker, A. B. & Demerouti, E. 2017. Job demands-resources theory: Taking stock and looking forward. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 22, 273-285.
Bandura, A. 1971. Social learning theory. Morristown, New York, General Learning Press.
Baruch-Feldman, C., Brondolo, E., Ben-Dayan, D. & Schwartz, J. 2002. Sources of social support and burnout, job satisfaction, and productivity. J Occup Health Psychol, 7, 84-93.
Boschman, J., Van Der Molen, H., Sluiter, J. & Frings-Dresen, M. 2013. Psychosocial work environment and mental health among construction workers. Applied ergonomics, 44, 748-755.
Boschman, J. S., Van Der Molen, H. F., Sluiter, J. K. & Frings‐Dresen, M. H. 2011. Occupational demands and health effects for bricklayers and construction supervisors: A systematic review. American journal of industrial medicine, 54, 55-77.
Bowers, C. A., Weaver, J. L. & Morgan, B. B. 2013. Moderating the performance effects of stressors. Stress and human performance. Psychology Press.
Bowling, N. A. & Beehr, T. A. 2006. Workplace harassment from the victim's perspective: a theoretical model and meta-analysis. Journal of applied psychology, 91, 998.
Brown, M. E. & Treviño, L. K. 2013. Do Role Models Matter? An Investigation of Role Modeling as an Antecedent of Perceived Ethical Leadership. Journal of Business Ethics, 122, 587-598.
Bruk-Lee, V. 2006. Measuring social stressors in organizations: The development of the Interpersonal Conflict in Organizations Scale (ICOS). PhD, University of South Florida.
Cheung, C. M. & Zhang, R. P. 2020. How organizational support can cultivate a multilevel safety climate in the construction industry. Journal of Management in Engineering, 36, 04020014.
Chu, P. S., Saucier, D. A. & Hafner, E. 2010. Meta-analysis of the relationships between social support and well-being in children and adolescents. Journal of social and clinical psychology, 29, 624-645.
Demerouti, E., Bakker, A. B., Nachreiner, F. & Schaufeli, W. B. 2001. The job demands-resources model of burnout. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86, 499-512.
Dormann, C. & Zapf, D. 1999. Social support, social stressors at work, and depressive symptoms: testing for main and moderating effects with structural equations in a three-wave longitudinal study. Journal of Applied Psychology, 84, 10.
Dormann, C. & Zapf, D. 2004. Customer-related social stressors and burnout. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 9, 61-82.
Ducki, A. 1998. Arbeits-und organisationspsychologische Gesundheitsanalysen: Entwicklung und Erprobung eines Befragungsinstruments im Rahmen eines Mehr-Ebenen-Ansatzes zur betrieblichen Gesundheitsanalyse [Occupational psychological health analyses. Development and testing of a survey as part of a multilevel analysis]. University of Leipzig.
Eisenberger, N. I., Taylor, S. E., Gable, S. L., Hilmert, C. J. & Lieberman, M. D. 2007. Neural pathways link social support to attenuated neuroendocrine stress responses. Neuroimage, 35, 1601-1612.
Fila, M. J., Purl, J. & Griffeth, R. W. 2017. Job demands, control and support: Meta-analyzing moderator effects of gender, nationality, and occupation. Human Resource Management Review, 27, 39-60.
Froehlich, D. E. & Gegenfurtner, A. 2019. Social support in transitioning from training to the workplace: A social network perspective. Beziehungen in pädagogischen Arbeitsfeldern und ihren Transitionen über die Lebensalter, 208-222.
George, J. M. 1992. Extrinsic and Intrinsic Origins of Perceived Social Loafing in Organizations. The Academy of Management Journal, 35, 191-202.
Gerhardt, C., Semmer, N. K., Sauter, S., Walker, A., De Wijn, N., Kalin, W., Kottwitz, M. U., Kersten, B., Ulrich, B. & Elfering, A. 2021. How are social stressors at work related to well-being and health? A systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Public Health, 21, 890.
Geurts, S. A. & Sonnentag, S. 2006. Recovery as an explanatory mechanism in the relation between acute stress reactions and chronic health impairment. Scandinavian journal of work, environment & health, 482-492.
Glazer, S. 2006. Social support across cultures. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 30, 605-622.
Guidetti, G., Converso, D., Loera, B. & Viotti, S. 2018. Concerns about change and employee wellbeing: the moderating role of social support. Journal of Workplace Learning, 30, 216-228.
Hair, J. F., Gabriel, M. & Patel, V. 2014. AMOS covariance-based structural equation modeling (CB-SEM): Guidelines on its application as a marketing research tool. Brazilian Journal of Marketing, 13.
Hajro, A., Gibson, C. B. & Pudelko, M. 2017. Knowledge exchange processes in multicultural teams: Linking organizational diversity climates to teams’ effectiveness. Academy of Management Journal, 60, 345-372.
Hämmig, O. 2017. Health and well-being at work: The key role of supervisor support. SSM Population Health, 3, 393-402.
Harrison, D. A., Price, K. H., Gavin, J. H. & Florey, A. T. 2002. Time, teams, and task performance: Changing effects of surface-and deep-level diversity on group functioning. Academy of management journal, 45, 1029-1045.
Hassard, J., Teoh, K. R., Visockaite, G., Dewe, P. & Cox, T. 2018. The cost of work-related stress to society: A systematic review. Journal of occupational health psychology, 23, 1.
Helgeson, V. S. 2003. Social support and quality of life. Quality of life research, 12, 25-31.
Hershcovis, M. S. & Barling, J. 2010. Towards a multi-foci approach to workplace aggression: A meta-analytic review of outcomes from different perpetrators. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 31, 24-44.
Hofstede, G. & Hofstede, G. 2005. Cultures and Organizations: Software of the Mind. Third Millennium Edition. McGraw-Hill, New York.
Jansen, A. E. & Searle, B. J. 2021. Diverse effects of team diversity: a review and framework of surface and deep-level diversity. Personnel Review, 50, 1838-1853.
Jehn, K. A. 1995. A multimethod examination of the benefits and detriments of intragroup conflict. Administrative science quarterly, 256-282.
Jenifer, R. D. & Raman, G. 2015. Cross-cultural communication barriers in the workplace. International Journal of Management, 6, 348-351.
Jolly, P. M., Kong, D. T. & Kim, K. Y. 2021. Social support at work: An integrative review. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 42, 229-251.
Kemp, E., Borders, A. L. & Ricks, J. M. 2013. Sales Manager Support: Fostering Emotional Health, Motivation and Customer-orientation in Salespeople.
Kim, H. S., Sherman, D. K. & Taylor, S. E. 2008. Culture and social support. American psychologist, 63, 518.
Koch, A. R. & Binnewies, C. 2015. Setting a good example: Supervisors as work-life-friendly role models within the context of boundary management. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 20, 82-92.
Kotze, M. & Massyn, L. 2019. The influence of employees' cross-cultural psychological capital on workplace psychological well-being. SA Journal of Industrial Psychology, 45, 1-8.
Lansford, J. E., Antonucci, T. C., Akiyama, H. & Takahashi, K. 2005. A quantitative and qualitative approach to social relationships and well-being in the United States and Japan. Journal of Comparative Family Studies, 36, 1-22.
Lattrich, K.-K. & Büttgen, M. 2020. Project leaders’ control resources and role overload as predictors of project success: developing the job demands–resources model. Business Research, 13, 767-788.
Leifels, K. & Bowen, P. 2021. The dark side of teamwork–the relationship between social stressors, social resources and team member well-being in monocultural and multicultural work teams. Cross cultural & strategic management, 28, 867-893.
Lesener, T., Gusy, B. & Wolter, C. 2019. The job demands-resources model: A meta-analytic review of longitudinal studies. Work & Stress, 33, 76-103.
Li, C. R., Lin, C. J., Tien, Y. H. & Chen, C. M. 2017. A multilevel model of team cultural diversity and creativity: The role of climate for inclusion. The Journal of Creative Behavior, 51, 163-179.
Lim, S., Cortina, L. M. & Magley, V. J. 2008. Personal and workgroup incivility: impact on work and health outcomes. J Appl Psychol, 93, 95-107.
Lingard, H. & Turner, M. 2015. Improving the health of male, blue collar construction workers: a social ecological perspective. Construction management and economics, 33, 18-34.
Liu, J., Cui, Z., Feng, Y., Perera, S. & Han, J. 2020. Impact of culture differences on performance of international construction joint ventures: the moderating role of conflict management. Engineering, Construction and Architectural Management, 27, 2353-2377.
Loosemore, M., Phua, F., Dunn, K. & Ozguc, U. 2010. Operatives’ experiences of cultural diversity on Australian construction sites. Construction Management and Economics, 28, 177-188.
Loosemore, M., Phua, F. T., Dunn, K. & Ozguc, U. 2011. The politics of sameness in the Australian construction industry: Comparing operative and manager attitudes towards cultural diversity. Engineering, construction and architectural management, 18, 363-380.
Love, P. E. & Edwards, D. J. 2005. Taking the pulse of UK construction project managers' health: Influence of job demands, job control and social support on psychological wellbeing. Engineering, Construction and Architectural Management, 12, 88-101.
Macdonald, G. 1998. Development of a social support scale: An evaluation of psychometric properties. Research on Social Work Practice, 8, 564-576.
Malik, T. H. & Huo, C. 2023. National cultural moderates the link between work stress and depression: An analysis of clinical trial projects across countries. Cross-Cultural Research, 57, 23-55.
Maqsoom, A., Mughees, A., Khan, A. K. & Arif, M. I. Labor productivity in construction industry: investigating the influence of internal psychosocial stressors. International Conference on Construction and Real Estate Management 2018, 2018. American Society of Civil Engineers Reston, VA, 10-17.
Miller, D. M., Fields, R., Kumar, A. & Ortiz, R. 2000. Leadership and organizational vision in managing a multiethnic and multicultural project team. Journal of Management in Engineering, 16, 18-22.
Mistry, S., Kirkman, B. L., Moore, O. A., Hanna, A. A. & Rapp, T. L. 2023. Too many teams? Examining the impact of multiple team memberships and permanent team identification on employees’ identity strain, cognitive depletion, and turnover. Personnel Psychology, 76, 885-912.
Mueller, J. S. 2012. Why individuals in larger teams perform worse. Organizational behavior and human decision processes, 117, 111-124.
Müller, G. F. 2013. Landauer Organisations- und Teamklima-Inventar (LOTI) [Landauer tools to measure organizational and team climate]. , Landau, Germany, Author´s edition.
Nsw, S. 2021. Code of Practice Managing Psychosocial Hazards at Work.
Radic, A., Arjona-Fuentes, J. M., Ariza-Montes, A., Han, H. & Law, R. 2020. Job demands–job resources (JD-R) model, work engagement, and well-being of cruise ship employees. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 88, 102518.
Rippl, S., Seipel, C., Rippl, S. & Seipel, C. 2015. Ziele und Ablauf kulturvergleichender Studien. Methoden kulturvergleichender Sozialforschung: Eine Einführung, 63-83.
Salas-Vallina, A., Pozo, M. & Fernandez-Guerrero, R. 2020. New times for HRM? Well-being oriented management (WOM), harmonious work passion and innovative work behavior. Employee Relations: The International Journal, 42, 561-581.
Sampson, J. M., Dearmond, S. & Chen, P. Y. 2014. Role of safety stressors and social support on safety performance. Safety Science, 64, 137-145.
Sanyang, B. & Ali, L. 2023. The Power of Cultural Diversity in Project Teams: A Path to Greater Innovation-A qualitative study of how cultural diversity impacts innovation output in project teams.
Shanock, L. R. & Eisenberger, R. 2006. When supervisors feel supported: relationships with subordinates' perceived supervisor support, perceived organizational support, and performance. Journal of Applied psychology, 91, 689.
Simons, T. L. & Peterson, R. S. 2000. Task conflict and relationship conflict in top management teams: the pivotal role of intragroup trust. Journal of applied psychology, 85, 102.
Sonnentag, S. 2003. Recovery, work engagement, and proactive behavior: a new look at the interface between nonwork and work. Journal of applied psychology, 88, 518.
Soucek, R., Voss, A. S., Drexler, H. & Moser, K. 2024. New ways of working and psychological well-being: work intensity as a target variable of job resources. International Journal of Workplace Health Management.
Spss, I. 2020. Statistics for Windows Version, 27.0. In. Armonk, NY: IBM Corp; Released. :.
Stahl, G. K. & Maznevski, M. L. 2021. Unraveling the effects of cultural diversity in teams: A retrospective of research on multicultural work groups and an agenda for future research. J Int Bus Stud, 52, 4-22.
Stansfeld, S. A., Fuhrer, R., Shipley, M. J. & Marmot, M. G. 1999. Work characteristics predict psychiatric disorder: prospective results from the Whitehall II Study. Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 56, 302-7.
Sternthal, M. J., Slopen, N. & Williams, D. R. 2011. Racial disparities in health: how much does stress really matter? 1. Du Bois review: social science research on race, 8, 95-113.
Sun, C., Hon, C. K., Way, K. A., Jimmieson, N. L. & Xia, B. 2022. The relationship between psychosocial hazards and mental health in the construction industry: A meta-analysis. Safety science, 145, 105485.
Taris, T. W. & Schaufeli, W. B. 2015. The job demands‐resources model. The Wiley Blackwell handbook of the psychology of occupational safety and workplace health, 155-180.
Taylor, S. E. 2011. Social support: A review. In: FRIEDMAN, H. S. (ed.) The Oxford handbook of health psychology. Oxford University Press.
Taylor, S. E., Sherman, D. K., Kim, H. S., Jarcho, J., Takagi, K. & Dunagan, M. S. 2004. Culture and social support: Who seeks it and why? Journal of personality and social psychology, 87, 354.
Trajkovski, S. & Loosemore, M. 2006. Safety implications of low-English proficiency among migrant construction site operatives. International Journal of Project Management, 24, 446-452.
Viswesvaran, C., Sanchez, J. I. & Fisher, J. 1999. The role of social support in the process of work stress: A meta-analysis. Journal of vocational behavior, 54, 314-334.
Wacker, R. & Dziobek, I. 2018. Preventing empathic distress and social stressors at work through nonviolent communication training: A field study with health professionals. Journal of occupational health psychology, 23, 141.
Woodhead, E. L., Northrop, L. & Edelstein, B. 2016. Stress, social support, and burnout among long-term care nursing staff. Journal of Applied Gerontology, 35, 84-105.
Wu, D. C., Kim, H. S. & Collins, N. L. 2021. Perceived responsiveness across cultures: The role of cultural fit in social support use. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 15, e12634.
Wu, G., Zhao, X., Zuo, J. & Zillante, G. 2019. Effects of team diversity on project performance in construction projects. Engineering, Construction and Architectural Management, 26, 408-423.
Zhang, S., Sunindijo, R. Y., Frimpong, S. & Su, Z. 2023. Work stressors, coping strategies, and poor mental health in the Chinese construction industry. Safety science, 159, 106039.