Factors associated with the severity of construction accidents: The case of South Australia
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Published:
Dec 11, 2013
Keywords:
Construction, Accidents, Severity, Safety
Main Article Content
Abstract
While the causes of accidents in the construction industry have been extensively studied, severity remains an understudied area. In order to provide more evidence for the currently limited number of empirical investigations on severity, this study analysed 24,764 construction accidents reported during 2002-11 in South Australia. A conceptual model developed through literature uses personal characteristics such as age, experience, gender and language. It also employs work-related factors such as size of organization, project size and location, mechanism of accident and body location of the injury. These were shown to discriminate why some accidents result in only a minor severity while others are fatal. Factors such as time of accident, day of the week and season were not strongly associated with accident severity. When the factors affecting severity of an accident are well understood, preventive measures could be developed specifically to those factors that are at high risk.
Article Details
How to Cite
Dumrak, J., Mostafa, S., Kamardeen, I., & Rameezdeen, R. (2013). Factors associated with the severity of construction accidents: The case of South Australia. Construction Economics and Building, 13(4), 32-49. https://doi.org/10.5130/AJCEB.v13i4.3620
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Articles (Peer reviewed)
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References
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Australian Berea of Statistics, 2013, Census 2011, Canberra, ACT.
Ale, B.J.M, Bellamy, L.J, Baksteen, H, Damen, M, Goossens, L.H.J, Hale, A.R, Mud, M, Oh, J, Papazoglou, I.A & Whiston, J.Y. 2008, 'Accidents in the construction industry in the Netherlands: An analysis of accident reports using Storybuilder', Reliability Engineering and System Safety, (10), 1523-1533.
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Aneziris, O.N, Topali, E & Papazoglou, I.A. 2012, 'Occupational risk of building construction', Reliability Engineering & System Safety, 105, 36.
Ankrah, N.A, Proverbs, D & Debrah, Y. 2009, 'Factors influencing the culture of a construction project organisation: An empirical investigation', Engineering, Construction and Architectural Management, 16 (1) 26-47.
Arquillos, A.L., Romero, J.C.R. and Gibb, A. 2012, 'Analysis of construction accidents in Spain, 2003-2008', Journal of safety research, 43 (5-6), 381-388.
Atkinson, A.R & Westall, R. 2010, 'The relationship between integrated design and construction and safety on construction projects', Construction Management and Economics, 28 (9), 1007-1017.
Chau, N, Gauchard, G.C, Siegfried, C, Benamghar, L, Dangelzer, J-L, Français, M, Jacquin, R, Sourdot, A, Perrin, P.P & Mur, J.M. 2004, 'Relationships of job, age, and life conditions with the causes and severity of occupational injuries in construction workers', International archives of occupational and environmental health, 77 (1), 60-66.
Cheng, C.W, Leu, S.S, Cheng, Y.M, Wu, T.C & Lin, C.C. 2012, 'Applying data mining techniques to explore factors contributing to occupational injuries in Taiwan's construction industry', Accident analysis and prevention, 48, 214-222.
Cheng, C.W, Len S.S, Lin, C.C & Fan, C. 2010, Characteristic analysis of occupational accidents at small construction enterprises, Safety Science, 48, 698-707.
Chi, C, Chang, T. & Ting, H. 2005, ‘Accident patterns and prevention measures for fatal occupational falls in the construction industry’, Applied Ergonomics, 36 (4), 391-400.
Chi, S, Han, S & Kim, D.Y. 2013, 'The relationship between unsafe working conditions and workers: Behaviour and impact of working conditions on injury severity in U.S. construction industry', Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, 139(7), 826-838.
Choudhry, R.M & Fang, D. 2008, 'Why operatives engage in unsafe work behavior: Investigating factors on construction sites', Safety Science, 46 (4), 566-584.
Cowley, S & Leggett, S. 2010, 'Falls from plasterers' work platforms in Australia', Journal of Health, Safety and Environment, 26 (3), 259.
Dong, X.S, Fujimoto, A, Ringen, K, Stafford, E, Platner, J.W, Gittleman, J.L & Wang, X. 2011, 'Injury underreporting among small establishments in the construction industry', American journal of industrial medicine, 54 (5), 339-349.
Fabiano, B, Currò, F & Pastorino, R. 2004, 'A study of the relationship between occupational injuries and firm size and type in the Italian industry', Safety Science, 42(7&8), 587-600.
Frickmann, F, Wurm, B, Jeger, V, Lehmann, B, Zimmermann, H & Exadaktylos, A.K. 2012, '782 consecutive construction work accidents: who is at risk? A 10-year analysis from a Swiss university hospital trauma unit', Swiss medical weekly, 142, 13674.
Fung, I.W.H, Tam, V.W.Y, Lo, T.Y & Lu, L.L.H. 2009, 'Developing a Risk Assessment Model for construction safety', International Journal of Project Management, 28 (6),, 593-600.
Gangolells, M, Casals, M, Forcada, N, Roca, X & Fuertes, A 2010, 'Mitigating construction safety risks using prevention through design', Journal of safety research, 41(2), 107-122.
Gibb, A, Hide, S, Haslam, R, Gyi, D, Pavitt, T, Atkinson, S & Duff, R. 2005, 'Construction tools and equipment – their influence on accident causality', Journal of Engineering, Design and Technology, 3 (1), 12-23.
Gurcanli, G.E & Mungen, U. 2009, 'An occupational safety risk analysis method at construction sites using fuzzy sets', International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, 39 (2), 371-387.
Hallowell, M.R & Gambatese, J.A. 2009, 'Construction Safety Risk Mitigation', Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, 135 (12), 1316-1323.
Haslam, R.A., Hide, S.A., Gibb, A.G.F., Gyi, D.E., Pavitt, T., Atkinson, S. and Duff, A.R. (2005), “Contributing factors in construction accidents”, Applied Ergonomics, 36 (4), 401 - 415.
Hinze, J. and Wilson, G. 2000, ‘Moving towards a zero injury objective’, Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, 126 (5) , 399-403.
Hinze, J, Huang, X. & Terry, L. 2005, “The nature of struck-by accidents”, Journal of Construction Engineering Management, 131 (2), 262-268.
Huang, X & Hinze, J. 2003, 'Analysis of Construction Worker Fall Accidents', Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, 129 (3), 262-271.
Im, H.J, Kwon, Y.J, Kim, S.G, Kim, Y.K, Ju, Y.S & Lee, H.P. 2009, 'The characteristics of fatal occupational injuries in Korea’s construction industry, 1997–2004', Safety Science, 47(8), 1159-1162.
Jackson, S.A. and Loomis, D. 2002, ‘Fatal occupational injuries in the North Carolina construction industry, 1978–1994’, Applied Occupational and Environmental Hygiene, 17(1), 27-33.
Jeong, B.Y. 1998, 'Occupational deaths and injuries in the construction industry', Applied Ergonomics, 29(5), 355-360.
Kartam, N.A. and Bouz, R.G. 1998, ‘Fatalities and injuries in the Kuwaiti construction industry’, Accident Analysis and Prevention, 30(6), 805-814.
Kines, P. 2002, 'Construction workers' falls through roofs: fatal versus serious injuries', Journal of Safety Research, 33(2), 195-208.
Kines, P., Spangenberg, S., and Dyreborg, J. 2007, Prioritizing occupational injury prevention in the construction industry: Injury severity or absence?’ Journal of Safety Research, 38, 53-58.
Larsson, T.J & Field, B 2002, 'The distribution of occupational injury risks in the Victorian construction industry', Safety Science, 40(5), 439-456.
Li, R.Y.M. and Poon, S.W. 2009, ‘Workers’ compensation for non-fatal construction accidents: review of Hong Kong court cases’, Asian Social Science, 5(11), 15-24.
Liao, C.W & Perng, Y.H. 2008, 'Data mining for occupational injuries in the Taiwan construction industry', Safety Science, 46(7/8), 1091-1102.
Ling, F.Y.Y, Liu, M & Woo, Y.C. 2009, 'Construction fatalities in Singapore', International Journal of Project Management, 27(7), 717-726.
Lingard, H & Holmes, N. 2001, 'Understandings of occupational health and safety risk control in small business construction firms: barriers to implementing technological controls', Construction Management & Economics, 19 (2), 217-226.
Lipscomb, H.J., Schoenfisch, A.L., and Shishlov, K.S. 2010, Non-fatal contact injuries among workers in the construction industry treated in U.S. emergency departments, 1998-2005, Journal of Safety Research, 41, 191-195.
López, M.A.C, Fontaneda, I, González Alcantara, O.J & Ritzel, D.O. 2011, 'The special severity of occupational accidents in the afternoon:“The lunch effect”', Accident Analysis & Prevention, 43 (3), 1104-1116.
López, M.A.C, Ritzel, D.O, Fontaneda, I & González Alcantara, O.J. 2008, 'Construction industry accidents in Spain', Journal of safety research, 39(5), 497-507.
Loudoun, R.J. 2010, ’Injuries sustained by young males in construction during day and night work’, Construction Management and Economics, 28 (12), 1313-1320.
Macedo, A.C & Silva, I.L. 2005, 'Analysis of occupational accidents in Portugal between 1992 and 2001', Safety Science, 43 (5), 269-286.
Manu, P.A, Ankrah, N.A, Proverbs, D.G & Suresh, S. 2012, 'Investigating the multi-causal and complex nature of the accident causal influence of construction project features', Accident Analysis & Prevention, 48 (0-9), 126-133.
Martin, J.E., Rivas, T., Matias, J.M., Toboada, J. and Arguelles, A. 2009, ‘A Bayesian network analysis of workplace accidents caused by falls from a height’, Safety Science, 47, 206-214.
McVittie, D, Banikin, H & Brocklebank, W. 1997, 'The effects of firm size on injury frequency in construction', Safety Science, 27(1), 19-23.
Mehta, C.R & Patel, N.R. 2010, IBM SPSS exact tests, SPSS Inc., Cambridge, MA.
Meldrum, A., Hare, B. & Cameron, I. 2009, ‘Road testing a health and safety worker engagement tool-kit in the construction industry’, Engineering, Construction and Architectural Management, 16 (6), 612-632.
Menzel, N.N & Gutierrez, A.P. 2010, 'Latino worker perceptions of construction risks', American journal of industrial medicine, 53(2), 179-187.
Navon, R. and Kolton, O. 2007, ‘Algorithms for automated monitoring and control of fall hazards’, Journal of Computing in Civil Engineering, 21(1), 21-28.
O'Connor, T, Loomis, D, Runyan, C, dal Santo, J.A & Schulman, M. 2005, 'Adequacy of health and safety training among young Latino construction workers', Journal of occupational and environmental medicine, 47 (3), 272-277.
Perttula, P., Merjama, J., Kiurula, M. and Laitinen, H. 2003, ‘Accidents in materials handling at construction sites’, Construction Management and Economics, 21 (7), 729-736.
Pinto, A, Ribeiro, R.A & Nunes, I.L 2012, 'Fuzzy approach for reducing subjectivity in estimating occupational accident severity', Accident Analysis & Prevention, 45 (0-3), 281-290.
Poon, S.W., Wang, Y.S., Zhang, Y. and Huang, H.Y. 2002, ‘A study of construction site accident statistics’, Proceedings of CIB W099 implementation of safety and health on construction sites, S Rowlinson (ed), CIB W99, May,Hong Kong, 223-227.
Rameezdeen, R. & Rathnasabapathy, S. 2007, ‘The relationship between accident vulnerability and safety attitude of workers: the case of Sri Lanka;, Construction Information Quarterly, 9 (2) , 61-68.
Rivas, T., Paz, M., Martin, J.E., Matias, J.M., Garcia, J.F., and Toboada, J. 2011, ‘Explaining and predicting workplace accidents using data-mining techniques’, Reliability Engineering and System Safety, 96, 739-747.
Rozenfeld, O, Sacks, R, Rosenfeld, Y & Baum, H 2010, 'Construction Job Safety Analysis', Safety Science, 48 (4), 491-498.
Safe Work Australia 2013, Compendium of workers' compensation statistics Australia 2010-11, Safe Work Australia, Canberra, ACT.
Salminen, S. 2004, 'Have young workers more injuries than older ones? An international literature review', Journal of Safety Research, 35 (5), 513-521.
Salminen, S., Saari, J., Saarela, K. L. and Rasanen, T. 1992, ’Fatal and non-fatal accidents: identical versus differential causation’, Safety Science, 15 (2), 109-118.
Sherratt, F, Farrell, P and Noble, R. 2013, 'UK construction site safety: discourses of enforcement and engagement', Construction Management and Economics, In press
Solís-Carcaño, R.G & Arcudia-Abad, C.E 2013, 'Construction-Related Accidents in the Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico', Journal of Performance of Constructed Facilities, 27 (2), 155-162.
Tam, C.M, Zeng, S.X & Deng, Z.M. 2004, 'Identifying elements of poor construction safety management in China', Safety Science, 42 (7), 569-586.
Teo, E.A.L., Ling, F.Y.Y. & Ong, D.S.Y. 2005, ‘Fostering safe work behaviour in workers at construction sites,, Engineering. Construction and Architectural Management, 12 (4), 410-422.
Wong, F.K.W., Chan, A.P.C., Yam, M.C.H., Wong, E.Y.S., Tse, K.T.C., Yip, K.K.C. & Cheung, E. 2009, ’Findings from a research study of construction safety in Hong Kong accidents related to fall of person from height’, Journal of Engineering, Design and Technology, 7 (2), 130-142.
Workplace Health and Safety Queensland 2012, Construction industry report, Department of Justice and Attorney-General, Brisbane, QLD.
Zhang, X, Yu, S, Wheeler, K, Kelleher, K, Stallones, L & Xiang, H. 2009, 'Work‐related non‐fatal injuries among foreign born and US born workers: Findings from the US National Health Interview Survey, 1997–2005', American journal of industrial medicine, 52(1), 25-36.
Australian Berea of Statistics, 2013, Census 2011, Canberra, ACT.
Ale, B.J.M, Bellamy, L.J, Baksteen, H, Damen, M, Goossens, L.H.J, Hale, A.R, Mud, M, Oh, J, Papazoglou, I.A & Whiston, J.Y. 2008, 'Accidents in the construction industry in the Netherlands: An analysis of accident reports using Storybuilder', Reliability Engineering and System Safety, (10), 1523-1533.
Al-Humaidi, H & Tan, F. 2010, 'Construction Safety in Kuwait', Journal of Performance of Constructed Facilities, 24 (1) 70-77.
Aneziris, O.N, Topali, E & Papazoglou, I.A. 2012, 'Occupational risk of building construction', Reliability Engineering & System Safety, 105, 36.
Ankrah, N.A, Proverbs, D & Debrah, Y. 2009, 'Factors influencing the culture of a construction project organisation: An empirical investigation', Engineering, Construction and Architectural Management, 16 (1) 26-47.
Arquillos, A.L., Romero, J.C.R. and Gibb, A. 2012, 'Analysis of construction accidents in Spain, 2003-2008', Journal of safety research, 43 (5-6), 381-388.
Atkinson, A.R & Westall, R. 2010, 'The relationship between integrated design and construction and safety on construction projects', Construction Management and Economics, 28 (9), 1007-1017.
Chau, N, Gauchard, G.C, Siegfried, C, Benamghar, L, Dangelzer, J-L, Français, M, Jacquin, R, Sourdot, A, Perrin, P.P & Mur, J.M. 2004, 'Relationships of job, age, and life conditions with the causes and severity of occupational injuries in construction workers', International archives of occupational and environmental health, 77 (1), 60-66.
Cheng, C.W, Leu, S.S, Cheng, Y.M, Wu, T.C & Lin, C.C. 2012, 'Applying data mining techniques to explore factors contributing to occupational injuries in Taiwan's construction industry', Accident analysis and prevention, 48, 214-222.
Cheng, C.W, Len S.S, Lin, C.C & Fan, C. 2010, Characteristic analysis of occupational accidents at small construction enterprises, Safety Science, 48, 698-707.
Chi, C, Chang, T. & Ting, H. 2005, ‘Accident patterns and prevention measures for fatal occupational falls in the construction industry’, Applied Ergonomics, 36 (4), 391-400.
Chi, S, Han, S & Kim, D.Y. 2013, 'The relationship between unsafe working conditions and workers: Behaviour and impact of working conditions on injury severity in U.S. construction industry', Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, 139(7), 826-838.
Choudhry, R.M & Fang, D. 2008, 'Why operatives engage in unsafe work behavior: Investigating factors on construction sites', Safety Science, 46 (4), 566-584.
Cowley, S & Leggett, S. 2010, 'Falls from plasterers' work platforms in Australia', Journal of Health, Safety and Environment, 26 (3), 259.
Dong, X.S, Fujimoto, A, Ringen, K, Stafford, E, Platner, J.W, Gittleman, J.L & Wang, X. 2011, 'Injury underreporting among small establishments in the construction industry', American journal of industrial medicine, 54 (5), 339-349.
Fabiano, B, Currò, F & Pastorino, R. 2004, 'A study of the relationship between occupational injuries and firm size and type in the Italian industry', Safety Science, 42(7&8), 587-600.
Frickmann, F, Wurm, B, Jeger, V, Lehmann, B, Zimmermann, H & Exadaktylos, A.K. 2012, '782 consecutive construction work accidents: who is at risk? A 10-year analysis from a Swiss university hospital trauma unit', Swiss medical weekly, 142, 13674.
Fung, I.W.H, Tam, V.W.Y, Lo, T.Y & Lu, L.L.H. 2009, 'Developing a Risk Assessment Model for construction safety', International Journal of Project Management, 28 (6),, 593-600.
Gangolells, M, Casals, M, Forcada, N, Roca, X & Fuertes, A 2010, 'Mitigating construction safety risks using prevention through design', Journal of safety research, 41(2), 107-122.
Gibb, A, Hide, S, Haslam, R, Gyi, D, Pavitt, T, Atkinson, S & Duff, R. 2005, 'Construction tools and equipment – their influence on accident causality', Journal of Engineering, Design and Technology, 3 (1), 12-23.
Gurcanli, G.E & Mungen, U. 2009, 'An occupational safety risk analysis method at construction sites using fuzzy sets', International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, 39 (2), 371-387.
Hallowell, M.R & Gambatese, J.A. 2009, 'Construction Safety Risk Mitigation', Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, 135 (12), 1316-1323.
Haslam, R.A., Hide, S.A., Gibb, A.G.F., Gyi, D.E., Pavitt, T., Atkinson, S. and Duff, A.R. (2005), “Contributing factors in construction accidents”, Applied Ergonomics, 36 (4), 401 - 415.
Hinze, J. and Wilson, G. 2000, ‘Moving towards a zero injury objective’, Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, 126 (5) , 399-403.
Hinze, J, Huang, X. & Terry, L. 2005, “The nature of struck-by accidents”, Journal of Construction Engineering Management, 131 (2), 262-268.
Huang, X & Hinze, J. 2003, 'Analysis of Construction Worker Fall Accidents', Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, 129 (3), 262-271.
Im, H.J, Kwon, Y.J, Kim, S.G, Kim, Y.K, Ju, Y.S & Lee, H.P. 2009, 'The characteristics of fatal occupational injuries in Korea’s construction industry, 1997–2004', Safety Science, 47(8), 1159-1162.
Jackson, S.A. and Loomis, D. 2002, ‘Fatal occupational injuries in the North Carolina construction industry, 1978–1994’, Applied Occupational and Environmental Hygiene, 17(1), 27-33.
Jeong, B.Y. 1998, 'Occupational deaths and injuries in the construction industry', Applied Ergonomics, 29(5), 355-360.
Kartam, N.A. and Bouz, R.G. 1998, ‘Fatalities and injuries in the Kuwaiti construction industry’, Accident Analysis and Prevention, 30(6), 805-814.
Kines, P. 2002, 'Construction workers' falls through roofs: fatal versus serious injuries', Journal of Safety Research, 33(2), 195-208.
Kines, P., Spangenberg, S., and Dyreborg, J. 2007, Prioritizing occupational injury prevention in the construction industry: Injury severity or absence?’ Journal of Safety Research, 38, 53-58.
Larsson, T.J & Field, B 2002, 'The distribution of occupational injury risks in the Victorian construction industry', Safety Science, 40(5), 439-456.
Li, R.Y.M. and Poon, S.W. 2009, ‘Workers’ compensation for non-fatal construction accidents: review of Hong Kong court cases’, Asian Social Science, 5(11), 15-24.
Liao, C.W & Perng, Y.H. 2008, 'Data mining for occupational injuries in the Taiwan construction industry', Safety Science, 46(7/8), 1091-1102.
Ling, F.Y.Y, Liu, M & Woo, Y.C. 2009, 'Construction fatalities in Singapore', International Journal of Project Management, 27(7), 717-726.
Lingard, H & Holmes, N. 2001, 'Understandings of occupational health and safety risk control in small business construction firms: barriers to implementing technological controls', Construction Management & Economics, 19 (2), 217-226.
Lipscomb, H.J., Schoenfisch, A.L., and Shishlov, K.S. 2010, Non-fatal contact injuries among workers in the construction industry treated in U.S. emergency departments, 1998-2005, Journal of Safety Research, 41, 191-195.
López, M.A.C, Fontaneda, I, González Alcantara, O.J & Ritzel, D.O. 2011, 'The special severity of occupational accidents in the afternoon:“The lunch effect”', Accident Analysis & Prevention, 43 (3), 1104-1116.
López, M.A.C, Ritzel, D.O, Fontaneda, I & González Alcantara, O.J. 2008, 'Construction industry accidents in Spain', Journal of safety research, 39(5), 497-507.
Loudoun, R.J. 2010, ’Injuries sustained by young males in construction during day and night work’, Construction Management and Economics, 28 (12), 1313-1320.
Macedo, A.C & Silva, I.L. 2005, 'Analysis of occupational accidents in Portugal between 1992 and 2001', Safety Science, 43 (5), 269-286.
Manu, P.A, Ankrah, N.A, Proverbs, D.G & Suresh, S. 2012, 'Investigating the multi-causal and complex nature of the accident causal influence of construction project features', Accident Analysis & Prevention, 48 (0-9), 126-133.
Martin, J.E., Rivas, T., Matias, J.M., Toboada, J. and Arguelles, A. 2009, ‘A Bayesian network analysis of workplace accidents caused by falls from a height’, Safety Science, 47, 206-214.
McVittie, D, Banikin, H & Brocklebank, W. 1997, 'The effects of firm size on injury frequency in construction', Safety Science, 27(1), 19-23.
Mehta, C.R & Patel, N.R. 2010, IBM SPSS exact tests, SPSS Inc., Cambridge, MA.
Meldrum, A., Hare, B. & Cameron, I. 2009, ‘Road testing a health and safety worker engagement tool-kit in the construction industry’, Engineering, Construction and Architectural Management, 16 (6), 612-632.
Menzel, N.N & Gutierrez, A.P. 2010, 'Latino worker perceptions of construction risks', American journal of industrial medicine, 53(2), 179-187.
Navon, R. and Kolton, O. 2007, ‘Algorithms for automated monitoring and control of fall hazards’, Journal of Computing in Civil Engineering, 21(1), 21-28.
O'Connor, T, Loomis, D, Runyan, C, dal Santo, J.A & Schulman, M. 2005, 'Adequacy of health and safety training among young Latino construction workers', Journal of occupational and environmental medicine, 47 (3), 272-277.
Perttula, P., Merjama, J., Kiurula, M. and Laitinen, H. 2003, ‘Accidents in materials handling at construction sites’, Construction Management and Economics, 21 (7), 729-736.
Pinto, A, Ribeiro, R.A & Nunes, I.L 2012, 'Fuzzy approach for reducing subjectivity in estimating occupational accident severity', Accident Analysis & Prevention, 45 (0-3), 281-290.
Poon, S.W., Wang, Y.S., Zhang, Y. and Huang, H.Y. 2002, ‘A study of construction site accident statistics’, Proceedings of CIB W099 implementation of safety and health on construction sites, S Rowlinson (ed), CIB W99, May,Hong Kong, 223-227.
Rameezdeen, R. & Rathnasabapathy, S. 2007, ‘The relationship between accident vulnerability and safety attitude of workers: the case of Sri Lanka;, Construction Information Quarterly, 9 (2) , 61-68.
Rivas, T., Paz, M., Martin, J.E., Matias, J.M., Garcia, J.F., and Toboada, J. 2011, ‘Explaining and predicting workplace accidents using data-mining techniques’, Reliability Engineering and System Safety, 96, 739-747.
Rozenfeld, O, Sacks, R, Rosenfeld, Y & Baum, H 2010, 'Construction Job Safety Analysis', Safety Science, 48 (4), 491-498.
Safe Work Australia 2013, Compendium of workers' compensation statistics Australia 2010-11, Safe Work Australia, Canberra, ACT.
Salminen, S. 2004, 'Have young workers more injuries than older ones? An international literature review', Journal of Safety Research, 35 (5), 513-521.
Salminen, S., Saari, J., Saarela, K. L. and Rasanen, T. 1992, ’Fatal and non-fatal accidents: identical versus differential causation’, Safety Science, 15 (2), 109-118.
Sherratt, F, Farrell, P and Noble, R. 2013, 'UK construction site safety: discourses of enforcement and engagement', Construction Management and Economics, In press
Solís-Carcaño, R.G & Arcudia-Abad, C.E 2013, 'Construction-Related Accidents in the Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico', Journal of Performance of Constructed Facilities, 27 (2), 155-162.
Tam, C.M, Zeng, S.X & Deng, Z.M. 2004, 'Identifying elements of poor construction safety management in China', Safety Science, 42 (7), 569-586.
Teo, E.A.L., Ling, F.Y.Y. & Ong, D.S.Y. 2005, ‘Fostering safe work behaviour in workers at construction sites,, Engineering. Construction and Architectural Management, 12 (4), 410-422.
Wong, F.K.W., Chan, A.P.C., Yam, M.C.H., Wong, E.Y.S., Tse, K.T.C., Yip, K.K.C. & Cheung, E. 2009, ’Findings from a research study of construction safety in Hong Kong accidents related to fall of person from height’, Journal of Engineering, Design and Technology, 7 (2), 130-142.
Workplace Health and Safety Queensland 2012, Construction industry report, Department of Justice and Attorney-General, Brisbane, QLD.
Zhang, X, Yu, S, Wheeler, K, Kelleher, K, Stallones, L & Xiang, H. 2009, 'Work‐related non‐fatal injuries among foreign born and US born workers: Findings from the US National Health Interview Survey, 1997–2005', American journal of industrial medicine, 52(1), 25-36.