Abstract:
Surface crusts and seals can form from a variety of processes, both physical and biological, and have the potential to alter runoff
and erosion, especially in regions with low vegetation covers. Despite the obvious links between seals and crusts these features
have rarely been considered together. This study uses rainfall simulation experiments to investigate interrill soil crust and seal
development in response to structural (or raindrop-impact-induced) and depositional (or runoff-induced) processes on a semiarid
piedmont in southern New Mexico, USA, which has undergone substantive vegetation change (replacement of grasses by shrubs)
over the last 100 years. The study design incorporates six double-paired runoff plots divided into four subplots, each of which was
exposed to three rainfall simulation events. Crust development on these plots was assessed using penetration-resistance
measurements while seal development was assessed using runoff coefficients. The penetration-resistance data indicate that subplots
directly exposed to raindrop impacts (uncovered plots) have crusts that are ∼40% stronger than those positioned beneath a mesh
cover (covered plots) that intercepts the kinetic energy of the rainfall. The crusts exposed to raindrop-impacts increased in strength
following each simulation, whereas the crusts on the covered surfaces reached a plateau after two events.
Runoff data indicate that seal development does not directly mirror crust formation. Runoff coefficients increased after each
rainfall simulation event but were not significantly different between the covered and uncovered plots. Rather, the presence of stone
lags or litter on the soil surface influenced the relation between runoff and seal development. Sediment yields from uncovered
surfaces exceeded those from covered surfaces, indicating that raindrop impacts contribute to the delivery of sediment into flows.
The results of this study indicate that the loss of vegetation cover on the piedmont has increased the extent of surface crust and seal
development but that those crusts may be playing an important role in mitigating erosion.
