The centroidal axis of a member that is curved in space is generally a space curve. The curvature of the space curve is not necessarily in the direction of either of the principal axes of the cross-section, but can be ...

A total Lagrangian finite element (FE) model has been formulated for the nonlinear inelastic analysis of both composite beams and columns. An accurate rotation matrix is used in the position vector analysis and nonlinear ...